Information

935 advances: 851 achieved, 61 at the frontier now, 23 ahead.

The frontier

• Optical storage 1958 · frontier
  Storage of data on a medium using marks in a pattern, which can be read back with the aid of light. Researchers describe an approach for an optical disk with petabit capacity,
• Speech synthesis 1961 · frontier
  Artificial production of human speech. A text-to-speech synthesizer, VALL-E, that can be trained to mimic anybody's voice with just three seconds of voice data and may produce the most natural-sounding results to date, was reported in a preprint.
• Version control 1972 · frontier
  Activity of managing the versions of one or more files.
• Mixture of experts 1991 · frontier
  Machine learning technique. Apr 23 Tencent 295B Tencent Hy Community Mixture-of-experts model with 21B active parameters and a 256K-token context window. Preview predecessor to Hy3.
• Tor 2002 · frontier
  Daemon and utilities for an anonymizing network.
• Dating app 2009 · frontier
  Online dating service presented through a mobile phone application.
• Neural radiance field 2020 · frontier
  3D reconstruction technique using machine-learning. A method for editing NeRF scenes, a novel media technique from 2020, with natural language commands was demonstrated by Nvidia.
• ChatGPT 2022 · frontier
  Nov 2022: fastest-adopted consumer app to that point.
• Diffusion image models 2022 · frontier
  Stable Diffusion, DALL-E 2, Midjourney, 2022.
• Gate-all-around transistors 2022 · frontier
  Samsung 3nm GAA, 2022; TSMC N2 2025.
• NVIDIA H100 2022 · frontier
  Hopper with the Transformer Engine (FP8); it trained the frontier-model generation.
• Artificial neuron 2022 · frontier
  Mathematical function conceived as a crude model.
• Paywall 2022 · frontier
  System that prevents Internet users from accessing webpage content without a paid subscription or fee. In a paywalled article, American scientists propose policy -based measures to reduce large risks from life sciences research – such as pandemics through accident or misapplication.
• Preprint 2022 · frontier
  Version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal. A preprint demonstrated how backdoors can be placed undetectably into classifying (e.g. posts as "spam" or well-visible "not spam") machine learning models which are often developed and/or trained by third parties.
• Open-source robotics 2022 · frontier
  Robotics developed with open-source hardware and free and open-source software, publicly sharing blueprints, schematics, and source code. A university reported the release of 'Quad-SDK' which may be the first open source full-stack software for large agile four-legged robots, compatible with the ROS. [ better source needed ]
• Internet television 2022 · frontier
  Distribution of television content via the public Internet. News outlets reported that in July, for the first time, more people watched streaming TV than cable within the U.S. [ globalize ].
• Mobile security 2022 · frontier
  Safeguards and best practices against security attacks or exploits that target software vulnerabilities in mobile devices.
• Misinformation 2022 · frontier
  Incorrect information with or without an intention to deceive. A research report by NewsGuard indicated there is a high level of online misinformation delivered [ image needed ] – to a mainly young user base – with TikTok, whose usage is increasing.
• 3 nm lithography process 2022 · frontier
  Semiconductor manufacturing processes with a 3 nm GAAFET technology node. Samsung announced the first mass production of computer chips using a 3 nm process.
• Text-to-image model 2022 · frontier
  Machine-learning model. A novel potentially significantly more efficient text-to-image approach, as implemented in MUSE, was reported.
• Open-weight frontier models 2023 · frontier
  Llama 2023, DeepSeek, Qwen.
• AI-generated content farms ("slop") 2023 · frontier
  Mass-produced low-quality AI content.
• Neutral-atom logical qubits 2023 · frontier
  Harvard/QuEra 48 logical qubits, Dec 2023.
• Analog AI chips 2023 · frontier
  IBM analog in-memory AI chip, Nature 2023.
• Disinformation-for-Hire Firms (Team Jorge) 2023 · frontier
  Commercial contractors sell managed fake-avatar networks, hacking and fake news pages to sway elections for paying clients; Israel-based Team Jorge claimed more than 30 campaigns worldwide.
• AlphaDev faster sorting 2023 · frontier
  Faster sorting routines merged into LLVM libc++ (Nature, June 2023).
• Meta AI 2023 · frontier
  Artificial intelligence laboratory owned by Meta. Feb 2023 Meta AI 65B 1.4T 6300 Non-commercial research Facebook's license and distribution scheme restricted access to approved researchers, but the model weights were leaked and became widely available.
• Kimi 2023 · frontier
  Chatbot. Jul 8 Cognition AI Coding model for the Devin agent; trained from a Kimi K2.7 base with Cognition's reinforcement-learning pipeline. Available via Devin (not as open weights).
• Applications of artificial intelligence 2023 · frontier
  Applications of machine intelligence. A science writer provides an overview of "the nascent industry of AI-designed drugs ".
• Generative design 2023 · frontier
  Form finding process that can mimic nature’s evolutionary approach to design. Software for generating 3D dynamic scenes ( text-to-4D ), MAV3D, was reported.
• Wireless mesh network 2023 · frontier
  Radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. A two/multi-robot and beacons mesh communication paradigm for exploration by robotic probes, drones, spacecraft, disaster recovery rovers or underwater robots was reported.
• Open hardware 2023 · frontier
  Hardware whose design documents are openly accessible to and modifiable by others. Notable innovations: a low-cost open source air pollution sensor (Flatburn), a laser-using drone-based methane plume localization method, and a portable EEG helmet with significant accuracy of decoding thought words to text (DeWave).
• Enshittification 2023 · frontier
  Systematic decline in quality of online platforms over time driven by greed. The concept of enshittification about the quality of content on social media platforms introduced in 2022 gained traction.
• GPT-4 2023 · frontier
  Family of artificial intelligence models developed by OpenAI. Model introduction GPT-4 OpenAI introduces GPT-4, describing it as a multimodal model capable of accepting text and image inputs and generating text outputs.
• Mojo 2023 · frontier
  Programming language. Mojo Modular Python, Rust, Cython, C, C++, CUDA, Swift, Zig
• Reasoning models 2024 · frontier
  o1 (2024), followed by DeepSeek-R1 and others.
• Quantum computing (error correction) 2024 · frontier
  Below-threshold error correction (Google Willow), 2024.
• World models and video generation 2024 · frontier
  Sora, Genie: simulated worlds.
• Google Willow below-threshold error correction 2024 · frontier
  Logical error falls as the surface code grows, Dec 2024.
• NIST post-quantum cryptography standards 2024 · frontier
  FIPS 203/204/205 published Aug 2024.
• NVIDIA Blackwell 2024 · frontier
  A two-die package; GB200 NVL72 racks.
• Deepfake fraud at scale 2024 · frontier
  Arup lost about $25M to a deepfaked video call in Hong Kong (Feb 2024).
• AI-Generated Influence Operations 2024 · frontier
  Operations from Russia, China, Iran and an Israeli political firm used language models to mass-produce comments, articles and personas; OpenAI found none broke out to large authentic audiences.
• The AI Scientist (Sakana AI) 2024 · frontier
  An agent pipeline that generates ideas, runs experiments and writes ML papers end to end. Early and uneven, but a first open demonstration of automated research.
• Qwen 2024 · frontier
  Artificial intelligence chatbot developed by Alibaba Cloud. Jun 2024 Alibaba Cloud 72B 3T tokens Various
• Open-source artificial intelligence 2024 · frontier
  Concept of open applied to AI. Notable innovations: LAION releases a first version of BUD-E, a fully open source voice assistant, an automatic waste sorting system that can distinguish between over 500 waste categories is released, researchers describe an AI ecosyst…
• OpenAI o1 2024 · frontier
  2024 AI model from OpenAI. DeepSeek releases DeepSeek-R1 on 20 January, a large language model based on DeepSeek-V3 utilising a chain-of-thought process similar to OpenAI o1.
• AI agents 2025 · frontier
  Agentic coding and computer-use systems, 2024–25.
• Microsoft Majorana 1 topological chip 2025 · frontier
  Announced Feb 2025; topological qubit claims are disputed.
• Co-packaged optics 2025 · frontier
  NVIDIA Spectrum-X/Quantum-X photonics switches announced March 2025.
• Photonic AI accelerators 2025 · frontier
  Lightmatter's photonic processor (Nature, April 2025).
• AlphaEvolve improves its own AI stack 2025 · frontier
  The Gemini-powered evolutionary coding agent sped up a key kernel in Gemini's own training, recovered data-center compute through better scheduling, and contributed to chip design: AI improving its own stack.
• GLM 2025 · frontier
  Large language model by Z.ai. Aug 14 Z.ai 744B 30T Various 40B active
• Genie 4 multimodal world model 2026 · frontier
  DeepMind's real-time interactive world simulator with generated audio and dialogue; trusted-tester preview.
• Starlink Mobile direct-to-cell reaches 11M VEON users 2026 · frontier
  11M+ unique users connected via satellite on ordinary LTE phones in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Bangladesh within a year.
• IBM l-couplers link two 120-qubit Nighthawk chips at 99% transfer fidelity 2026 · frontier
  Four 80 cm cryogenic links joined two full Nighthawk R1 processors: 99.0% avg state transfer, 94.75% avg distant CZ gate, simultaneous cross-module entanglement.
• OpenAI GPT-6.1 Terra (computer-use model at half price) 2026 · frontier
  Faster, cheaper cross-app computer-use model; ~50% lower API price, +15 pts on Agents' Last Exam vs GPT-5.6 Terra, 50.3% Terminal-Bench 4.0 (self-reported).
• OpenAI "automated research intern" goal met 2026 · frontier
  OpenAI reported that it reached its goal of a system that carries out multi-day research tasks under human direction, and is aiming for an automated AI researcher by March 2028.
• China's CXMT to start HBM3E production at 20-30% yields 2026 · frontier
  CXMT has sampled HBM3E to domestic AI chip designers and plans limited production within ~2 months despite 20-30% yields (SK Hynix ~70%); tested performance is closer to SK Hynix HBM3.
• PsiQuantum 8x8 silicon-photonic optical circuit switch for AI data centers 2026 · frontier
  Spin-off from its quantum photonics platform: all-optical port-to-port switching with ~1.2 dB insertion loss, 40 dB crosstalk and <3 ms reconfiguration, no amplification; samples shipping, products planned.
• 3SUM/APSP hypotheses refuted by Claude-found algorithm (claimed) 2026 · frontier
  Preprint (Alman & Vassilevska Williams) reports an AI-discovered algorithm refuting two core fine-grained complexity hypotheses.
• Mind uploading / human–AI merge · future · progress: none
  A human mind that continues on (or seamlessly extends into) a computational substrate, by gradual neural integration or whole-brain emulation. The deepest unknown is not engineering but whether, and how, identity and experience carry over.
• Zettascale AI compute · future · progress: demonstrated
  Training and inference clusters a thousand times larger than today's, built on next-node lithography, chiplets, and stacked memory. Nearly every other precursor draws on it.
• Photonic and optical computing at scale · future · progress: demonstrated
  Moving data and some arithmetic onto light to break the power wall of electronic interconnect. It is needed for brain-scale emulation and energy-efficient AI.
• Practical reversible / near-Landauer computing · future · progress: early
  Computing that approaches the thermodynamic minimum energy per operation. It is required for planet- and brain-scale simulation without planet-scale heat.
• Artificial general intelligence · future · progress: early
  AI systems that match expert humans across most cognitive work, including open-ended research and engineering. It is the common engine behind nearly every moonshot.
• Verifiable AI alignment and oversight · future · progress: early
  Methods to specify, verify, and audit what powerful AI systems do and why. This is a precondition for trusting AI with science, governance, and our minds.
• AI-automated AI research · future · progress: early
  AI agents that design, run and analyse AI experiments themselves, with people setting direction and judging results. Labs report intern-level systems already.
• AI-designed AI chips in a closed loop (RSI hardware) · future · progress: early
  AI designs the next accelerator, which trains a better designer, with tape-out, fabrication and verification increasingly automated. Each turn of the loop makes the next one faster.
• Recursive self-improvement (RSI) · future · progress: early
  AI systems that improve their own algorithms, training and hardware, each generation building the next. This is the bridge from AGI to superintelligence, and the point where verifiable alignment matters most.
• Superintelligence · future · progress: none
  Intelligence far beyond the best humans in science and engineering. Its limits are unknown (tier 3), but it would compress centuries of R&D into years.
• Formally verified AI-written software · future · progress: demonstrated
  AI writes proofs alongside code, so critical software (grids, reactors, governments, implants) is provably correct.
• Fault-tolerant quantum computing at scale · future · progress: demonstrated
  Millions of physical qubits running error-corrected algorithms. It unlocks exact chemistry, materials design, and quantum simulation of physics.
• Molecular-scale computing and control · future · progress: early
  Rod-logic or molecular processors that tell nanomachines what to build, with verified instruction sets.
• Interstellar communication network · future · progress: none
  Laser and gravitational-lens relays linking star systems, the nervous system of any FTL civilization.
• Whole-brain emulation of a simple animal · future · progress: early
  A simulated worm, fly, or mouse brain that behaves like the original in a virtual body.
• Brain-scale neuromorphic hardware · future · progress: demonstrated
  Hardware that runs about 10^15 synapses in real time at practical power.
• Whole-brain emulation of a human · future · progress: none
  Running a human mind's dynamics on computers with functional fidelity.
• LLM-agent simulated societies · future · progress: demonstrated
  Populations of AI agents with realistic preferences, used to study how people respond to rules (generative agents, 2023).
• Mechanistic interpretability · future · progress: early
  Reading the algorithms inside neural networks feature by feature, so AI reasoning can be audited rather than trusted blindly.
• Verifiable AI hardware and confidential computing · future · progress: deploying
  Chips that attest what model they run and on what data. This is the hardware root of trust for AI governance and private voting.
• Global gigabit connectivity · future · progress: deploying
  Satellite and terrestrial networks bring every person online at broadband speed, the substrate for digital government and AI services.
• Interplanetary internet · future · progress: demonstrated
  Laser relays and delay-tolerant networking linking Earth, Moon, and Mars.
• Universal real-time translation · future · progress: deploying
  Speech-to-speech translation across every language in real time, removing language as a barrier to deliberation.

How we got here

• Log4Shell 2021 · achieved
  2021 software security vulnerability. The Log4Shell security vulnerability in a Java logging framework was publicly disclosed two weeks after its discovery. Because of the ubiquity of the affected software, experts have described it as a most serious computer vulnerability.
• Shadow library 2021 · achieved
  Database of content that is a copy of content that is otherwise obscured or not accessible because of paywalls or other accessibility restrictions. Archivists initiated a rescue mission to secure enduring access to humanity's largest public library of scientific articles, Sci-Hub, due to the site's increased legal troubles, using Web and BitTorrent technologies.
• Colonial Pipeline cyberattack 2021 · achieved
  Ransomware attack. Operation of the U.S. Colonial Pipeline was interrupted by a ransomware cyber attack.
• AlphaChip: AI-designed chip floorplans 2021 · achieved
  Google's reinforcement-learning floorplanner (Nature, 2021) produces chip layouts in hours, and has been used in successive generations of Google's own TPUs, the chips that train its AI.
• C2PA Content Provenance Standard 2021 · achieved
  An industry coalition standard attaches cryptographically signed origin and edit history (Content Credentials) to images, video and audio so viewers can check where media came from.
• TPU v4 pods and optical circuit switching 2021 · achieved
  4,096-chip pods.
• Tesla Dojo 2021 · achieved
  A custom training supercomputer; the team was disbanded in Aug 2025.
• AI coding assistants 2021 · achieved
  Copilot 2021, then agentic coders.
• Generative artificial intelligence 2020 · achieved
  Artificial intelligence model capable of generating content in response to a prompt. Generative AI leads to revolutionary models, creating a proliferation of foundation models, both proprietary and open source, notably enabling products such as advanced chatbots and text to image models.
• Versatile Video Coding 2020 · achieved
  Video compression standard. July 6 – [Novel protocol/standard] – The Versatile Video Coding standard (H.266) was finalised, designed to halve the bitrate of previous formats, reducing data volume and being especially useful for on-demand 8K streaming services.
• 15.ai 2020 · achieved
  Freeware text to speech artificial intelligence web application. March 12 – 15.ai, a free web application that used artificial intelligence to generate text-to-speech voices of fictional characters, was launched.
• Wetware computer 2020 · achieved
  Organic computer. June 15 – Researchers reported the development of a polymer device that can receive dopamine signals from real cells and learns from it.
• Synopsys DSO.ai (autonomous chip-design AI) 2020 · achieved
  Launched March 2020 as the first autonomous AI application for chip design: reinforcement learning searches the design space for better power, performance and area.
• NVIDIA A100 2020 · achieved
  Ampere; TF32 and sparsity.
• Jiuzhang photonic quantum advantage 2020 · achieved
  USTC boson sampling, Dec 2020.
• Large language models (GPT-3) 2020 · achieved
  GPT-3, 2020: scaling laws demonstrated.
• IBM Q System One 2019 · achieved
  World's first-ever circuit-based commercial quantum computer. 2019: IBM launches IBM Q System One, its first integrated quantum computing system for commercial use.
• AlphaStar (StarCraft II Grandmaster) 2019 · achieved
  Grandmaster level, Nature 2019.
• Cerebras Wafer Scale Engine 2019 · achieved
  A 46,225 mm² chip.
• 5G NR 2019 · achieved
  Korea and US launches in April 2019.
• Wafer-scale engine (Cerebras) 2019 · achieved
  Cerebras WSE, 2019.
• Chiplets and advanced packaging 2019 · achieved
  AMD Zen 2 chiplets 2019; TSMC CoWoS for AI GPUs.
• Google Sycamore quantum supremacy 2019 · achieved
  53-qubit random circuit sampling, Oct 2019.
• EUV lithography 2019 · achieved
  ASML EUV in volume production, 2019.
• Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era 2018 · achieved
  Era of technology characterized by quantum processors with <1000 qubits sensitive to noise, prone to quantum decoherence, and incapable of continuous quantum error correction. John Preskill introduces the concept of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era.
• Platform Takedowns and Attribution Research 2018 · achieved
  Platforms and researchers began removing and publicly attributing networks based on deceptive coordinated behavior rather than content, publishing regular reports naming operators.
• Deepfakes and synthetic disinformation 2018 · achieved
  Synthetic media used for fraud and propaganda.
• Q# 2017 · achieved
  Programming language. Q# Microsoft C#, F#, Python
• Ryzen 2017 · achieved
  Brand for microprocessors by AMD. AMD launches the Ryzen CPU architecture.
• Microsoft Teams 2017 · achieved
  Team collaboration and videoconferencing application developed by Microsoft. 2017 – Teams is launched.
• AlphaZero 2017 · achieved
  Superhuman chess, shogi, and Go from self-play.
• Neural architecture search 2017 · achieved
  Neural networks that design other neural networks: Zoph & Le (ICLR 2017) used reinforcement learning to discover architectures that rivalled human designs.
• NVIDIA V100 (Tensor Cores) 2017 · achieved
  The first Tensor Cores.
• Transformer architecture 2017 · achieved
  "Attention Is All You Need," 2017.
• OnlyFans and subscription porn 2016 · achieved
  A London-founded creator subscription platform; adult content drove its boom from 2020.
• TPU and AI accelerators 2016 · achieved
  Google TPU disclosed 2016.
• Short-form video (TikTok) 2016 · achieved
  Douyin 2016; TikTok global 2018.
• AlphaGo 2016 · achieved
  Defeats Lee Sedol, 2016.
• Engagement-optimized feeds 2016 · achieved
  Algorithmic infinite scroll and short-form video.
• Graph isomorphism problem 2015 · achieved
  Computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic. 2015 – László Babai finds that a quasipolynomial complexity algorithm would solve the Graph isomorphism problem.
• Kubernetes 2014 · achieved
  Software to manage containers on a server-cluster. The first public build of Kubernetes is released on September 8, 2014. When Kubernetes debuted, it offered a number of advantages over Docker, the most popular containerization platform at the time.
• Generative adversarial network 2014 · achieved
  Deep learning method in which two neural networks compete with each other in a game, learning to generate new data with the same statistics as the training set. Ian Goodfellow and colleagues introduced generative adversarial networks (GANs), a framework in which two neural networks are trained in competition with each other.
• Raft 2014 · achieved
  Consensus algorithm. 2013 – Raft consensus protocol published by Diego Ongaro and John Ousterhout
• Internet Research Agency (2016 US election) 2014 · achieved
  A St. Petersburg troll farm used fake American personas, pages and ads on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter to inflame divisive issues and organize real rallies, per a 2018 US federal indictment.
• Neuromorphic chips (TrueNorth, Loihi) 2014 · achieved
  IBM TrueNorth 2014; Intel Loihi 2017.
• Docker 2013 · achieved
  Open-source software for deploying and running of containerized applications. Docker, Inc. releases Docker, a series of platform as a service (PaaS) products that use OS-level virtualization.
• Dual_EC_DRBG 2013 · achieved
  Controversial pseudorandom number generator. 2013 – Dual_EC_DRBG is discovered to have a NSA backdoor.
• IPhone 5S 2013 · achieved
  Smartphone from Apple. Apple releases the iPhone 5s, powered by the Apple A7 SoC which the company proclaimed to be the first 64 bit processor to be used on a smartphone.
• 3D NAND 2013 · achieved
  Samsung V-NAND, the first mass-produced vertical NAND.
• High Bandwidth Memory 2013 · achieved
  SK Hynix HBM, 2013; the bottleneck of AI accelerators.
• SHA-3 2012 · achieved
  Set of cryptographic hash functions. 2012 – NIST selects the Keccak algorithm as the winner of its SHA-3 hash function competition.
• Next Unit of Computing 2012 · achieved
  Small form factor PC designed by Intel. Intel demonstrates its Next Unit of Computing, a motherboard measuring only 4 × 4 in (10 × 10 cm).
• Raspberry Pi 2012 · achieved
  Series of low-cost single-board computers used for educational purposes and embedded systems. Raspberry Pi, a bare-bones, low-cost credit-card sized computer created by volunteers mostly drawn from academia and the UK tech industry, is released to help teach children to code.
• Julia 2012 · achieved
  High-performance dynamic programming language. Julia is a high-level, dynamic programming language. Its features are well suited for numerical analysis and computational science. Viral B.
• GPS route optimization (UPS ORION) 2012 · achieved
  Deployed in 2013–16; it saves roughly 100 million miles a year.
• Gacha and loot-box monetization 2012 · achieved
  Puzzle & Dragons (2012) made randomized paid pulls the dominant model for mobile games.
• Deep learning revolution 2012 · achieved
  Scaled neural networks across vision, speech, and translation.
• ImageNet and AlexNet 2012 · achieved
  AlexNet wins ImageNet, 2012.
• Kotlin 2011 · achieved
  General-purpose programming language derived from Java. Kotlin JetBrains Java, Scala, Groovy, C#, Gosu
• Dart 2011 · achieved
  Programming language. Dart Google Java, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, Go
• Light-field camera 2011 · achieved
  Device that captures information about the light field emanating from a scene (the intensity of light in a scene and also the direction that the light rays are traveling in space). 2011 – Lytro releases the first pocket-sized consumer light-field camera, capable of refocusing images after they are taken.
• Watson 2011 · achieved
  Artificial intelligence computer system made by IBM.
• Chromebook 2011 · achieved
  Laptop or tablet running the ChromeOS operating system. The first Chromebooks, by Acer and Samsung, go on sale.
• FinFET transistor 2011 · achieved
  Intel 22nm Tri-Gate, 2011.
• D-Wave quantum annealer 2011 · achieved
  D-Wave One, 2011.
• Mobile app 2010 · achieved
  Software application designed to run on mobile devices.
• Quantum dot 2010 · achieved
  Nano-scale semiconductor particle subject to quantum effects. Quantum dot qubits are manipulated electrically, not magnetically.
• High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection 2010 · achieved
  Digital copy protection. 2010 – The master key for High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) and the private signing key for the Sony PlayStation 3 game console are recovered and published using separate cryptoanalytic attacks. PGP Corp.
• IPad (1st generation) 2010 · achieved
  First product generation of the iPad brand by Apple. Apple releases the original iPad.
• RISC-V 2010 · achieved
  Open-source CPU hardware instruction set architecture. RISC-V ISA (microprocessor) implementations (a US standard, not from India, but some implementations are such as those below):
• 3D-stacked memory (TSV) 2010 · achieved
  Through-silicon vias.
• Optical interconnects in datacenters 2010 · achieved
  Pluggable optical transceivers that scale clusters.
• Bitcoin protocol 2009 · achieved
  Peer-to-peer payment network that operates on a cryptographic protocol.
• Hyperscale data centers 2009 · achieved
  Google and Facebook warehouse-scale computing; the Open Compute Project (2011).
• 4G LTE 2009 · achieved
  TeliaSonera, Stockholm and Oslo, Dec 2009.
• Free-to-play mobile gaming 2009 · achieved
  App-store F2P games.
• Application virtualization 2008 · achieved
  Software technology that encapsulates computer programs from the underlying operating system on which it is executed. January 15, 2008 VMware, Inc. announces it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Thinstall, a privately held application virtualization software company.
• Hyper-V 2008 · achieved
  Type 1 hypervisor produced by Microsoft, available either standalone or as a feature of certain Windows Server and Windows 8 versions. September 24, 2007 Microsoft releases the first public build of its hypervisor, Hyper-V, codenamed "Viridian".
• Qutrit 2008 · achieved
  Unit of quantum information that exists as a superposition of three orthogonal quantum states; analogous to the classical trit, just as the qubit, a quantum particle of two possible states, is analogous to the classical bit. Qutrits are developed.
• HTC Dream 2008 · achieved
  Android smartphone designed by HTC introduced in 2008. The HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1), the first commercially available device to run the Android operating system, was released.
• Open-source mobile OS (Android) 2008 · achieved
  The first device was the HTC Dream.
• Memristor and in-memory computing 2008 · achieved
  HP Labs memristor, 2008.
• Kernel-based Virtual Machine 2007 · achieved
  Virtualization module in the Linux kernel. KVM, a virtualization module integrated into the Linux kernel, is released.
• Quantum register 2007 · achieved
  Quantum mechanical analogue. A diamond quantum register is developed.
• NIST hash function competition 2007 · achieved
  Competition to develop SHA-3. November 2, 2007 – NIST hash function competition announced.
• Early warning system 2007 · achieved
  System providing early detection of problematic outcomes, typically using sensors, event detection and decision subsystems. Pathogen researchers reported the development of machine learning models for genome-based early detection and prioritization of high-risk potential zoonotic viruses in animals prior to spillover to humans.
• Phenom 2007 · achieved
  Family of AMD's multi-core 65 nm processors. AMD releases the Phenom line of high performance processors, positioning the Athlon as a mid-range line.
• ASUS Eee PC 2007 · achieved
  Netbook computer line from ASUS; part of the ASUS Eee product family. Asus announces the first Asus Eee PC, launching the netbook category of mobile computers. It initially ran Linux; later models also offered a choice of Windows.
• Loot boxes and gacha mechanics 2007 · achieved
  Monetized randomized rewards, 2000s.
• Smartphone 2007 · achieved
  iPhone, 2007.
• GPGPU (CUDA) 2007 · achieved
  CUDA, 2007.
• Asymmetric Numeral Systems 2006 · achieved
  Enthropy coding methods. 2006 – Jarosław Duda introduces first Asymmetric numeral systems entropy coding: since 2014 popular replacement of Huffman and arithmetic coding in compressors like Facebook Zstandard, Apple LZFSE, CRAM or JPEG XL
• Wii 2006 · achieved
  Seventh-generation home video game console by Nintendo. Nintendo releases the Wii.
• PlayStation 3 2006 · achieved
  Video game console developed Sony Interactive Entertainment. Sony releases the PlayStation 3.
• Core 2 2006 · achieved
  Intel processor family. Intel releases the Core 2 processor.
• Microblogging 2006 · achieved
  Broadcast medium. Twitter is launched, introducing a new platform for microblogging and social interaction.
• Physics processing unit 2006 · achieved
  Dedicated microprocessor handling the calculations of physics engines in video games. Retail launch of the first dedicated PPU PhysX from Ageia
• MacBook Pro 2006 · achieved
  Line of Macintosh notebook computers first introduced in 2006. Apple Computer introduces the MacBook Pro, their first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer, as well as an Intel-based iMac.
• Blu-ray Disc 2006 · achieved
  Digital optical disc data storage format. Blu-ray Disc (along with other nations)
• AWS (S3 and EC2) 2006 · achieved
  Utility computing.
• Online video pornography (tube sites) 2006 · achieved
  Free streaming tube sites (YouPorn, Pornhub, 2006–07) operating at massive scale.
• Recommendation algorithms 2006 · achieved
  Netflix Prize 2006; YouTube deep recommender 2016.
• Infinite scroll 2006 · achieved
  Popularized ~2006 (Aza Raskin).
• Cloud computing 2006 · achieved
  AWS, 2006.
• Libvirt 2005 · achieved
  Virtualization middleware. December 19, 2005 First release of the open-source platform virtualisation manager, libvirt.
• Wired Equivalent Privacy 2005 · achieved
  Deprecated security algorithm for wireless networks. 2005 – Agents from the U.S. FBI demonstrate their ability to crack WEP using publicly available tools
• CiviCRM 2005 · achieved
  Free software constituency relationship management suite. 2020 CiviCRM Free program that nonprofit organizations around the world use to manage their mailings and contact databases
• Athlon 64 X2 2005 · achieved
  Dual-core desktop CPU designed by AMD. AMD releases the Athlon 64 X2, their first dual-core 64-bit desktop processor.
• Pentium D 2005 · achieved
  Family of Intel microprocessors. Intel releases the Pentium D, their first dual-core 64-bit desktop processor.
• Nokia 770 2005 · achieved
  Cell phone model. Nokia announces the Nokia 770 Internet Tablet, the first device running Maemo.
• Distributed version control (Git) 2005 · achieved
  Git (2005) and GitHub (2008).
• Internet reaches 1 billion users 2005 · achieved
  The ITU estimated 1 billion users by about 2005.
• Solaris Containers 2004 · achieved
  OS-level virtualisation. Sun releases Solaris 8 Containers to enable migration of a Solaris 8 computer into a Solaris Container on a Solaris 10 system – for SPARC only.
• Apache Groovy 2004 · achieved
  Programming language. Groovy James Strachan Java
• DragonFly BSD 2004 · achieved
  Operating system. DragonFly BSD 1.0
• Podcast 2004 · achieved
  Type of digital broadcasting method. 2004: First podcast, invented by Adam Curry and Dave Winer
• MD5 2004 · achieved
  Message-digest hashing algorithm. 2004 – The hash MD5 is shown to be vulnerable to practical collision attack
• Nintendo DS 2004 · achieved
  Nintendo handheld game console. Nintendo releases the Nintendo DS, introducing dual screens and touchscreen technology to handheld gaming.
• GeForce 6 series 2004 · achieved
  Series of GPUs. Nvidia releases GeForce 6800, marking the biggest leap in graphics technology for the company. Independent reviews report more than 100% increase in productivity compared to the fastest card on the market.
• Sony Reader 2004 · achieved
  Line of e-book readers manufactured by Sony. Sony released Librié EBR-1000EP in Japan, the first e-book reader with an E Ink electronic paper display.
• Web Ontology Language 2004 · achieved
  Family of knowledge representation languages. OWL Web Ontology Language W3C Recommendation (10 February 2004).
• Apache License 2004 · achieved
  Free software license scheme developed by the Apache Software Foundation. Oct 2018 Google 0.340B 3.3B words 9 Apache 2.0 An early and influential language model. Encoder-only and thus not built to be prompted or generative. Training took 4 days on 64 TPUv2 chips.
• Silicon photonics 2004 · achieved
  Intel GHz silicon modulator, 2004.
• Social media 2004 · achieved
  Facebook 2004, Twitter 2006.
• Quantum network 2003 · achieved
  Networks for interconnecting quantum processors. The United States government DARPA Quantum Network becomes fully operational on October 23, 2003.
• Squirrel 2003 · achieved
  Programming language. Squirrel Alberto Demichelis Lua
• Nix 2003 · achieved
  Cross-platform package manager. Nix Eelco Dolstra Miranda/SASL, Haskell
• Athlon 64 2003 · achieved
  Microprocessor produced by AMD. AMD releases the Athlon 64. The Athlon 64 is built on the K8 microarchitecture and is the first 64-bit processor widely available to the consumer market.
• Pentium M 2003 · achieved
  Family of Intel microprocessors. Intel releases the Pentium M for notebooks and the Centrino mobile platform. The Pentium M delivers similar or higher performance than the Pentium 4-M while consuming less power.
• GeForce FX series 2003 · achieved
  Series of GPUs by Nvidia. Nvidia releases GeForce FX, a family of DirectX 9.0 -compatible 3D cards with extensive support for pixel and vertex shaders.
• Torch 2002 · achieved
  Deep learning software. Software development Torch Ronan Collobert, Samy Bengio, and Johnny Mariéthoz describe Torch, a modular software library for machine learning.
• Web application 2002 · achieved
  Application that uses a web browser as a client. 2002: Programmer Jonathon Abrams launches Friendster, establishing the modern template for web-based social networking
• NESSIE 2002 · achieved
  European research program in cryptography, 2000-2003. 2002 – NESSIE project releases final report / selections
• Girvan–Newman algorithm 2002 · achieved
  Community detection algorithm. 2002 – Girvan–Newman algorithm to detect communities in complex systems
• AKS primality test 2002 · achieved
  Primality test. 2002 – AKS primality test developed by Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal and Nitin Saxena
• One-way quantum computer 2001 · achieved
  Quantum computer that first prepares an entangled resource state and then performs single qubit measurements on it. Robert Raussendorf and Hans Jürgen Briegel propose measurement-based quantum computation.
• Shakespeare 2001 · achieved
  Esoteric programming language designed by Jon Åslund and Karl Hasselström. Shakespeare Programming Language Jon Åslund, Karl Hasselström
• Coordinated vulnerability disclosure 2001 · achieved
  Ethical vulnerability disclosure model in which a vulnerability or an issue is withheld from public disclosure until it has been patched or after a period of time. November 2001 – Microsoft and its allies vow to end "full disclosure" of security vulnerabilities by replacing it with "responsible" disclosure guidelines
• Advanced Encryption Standard 2001 · achieved
  Block cipher standard. 2001 – Belgian Rijndael algorithm selected as the U.S. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) after a five-year public search process by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
• Agile software development 2001 · achieved
  Group of iterative and incremental development methods. The Agile Manifesto, which crystallised and named a growing trend towards more "agile" processes in software development, was released.
• BitTorrent 2001 · achieved
  Peer-to-peer file sharing protocol. 2001 – BitTorrent a first fully decentralized peer-to-peer file distribution system is published
• Distributed hash table 2001 · achieved
  Decentralized distributed system that provides a lookup service similar to a hash table. 2001 – DHT (Distributed hash table) is invented by multiple people from academia and application systems
• Viola–Jones object detection framework 2001 · achieved
  Machine learning algorithm. 2001 – Viola–Jones algorithm for real-time face detection was developed by Paul Viola and Michael Jones.
• Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm 2001 · achieved
  Lossless data compression algorithm. 2001 – Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm for compression developed by Igor Pavlov
• 3G 2001 · achieved
  NTT Docomo FOMA.
• W state 2000 · achieved
  Entangled 3-qubit quantum state. In December, W states of quantum registers with up to 8 qubits implemented using trapped ions are demonstrated at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information and the University of Innsbruck in Austria.
• Quantum no-deleting theorem 2000 · achieved
  In quantum information theory, the no-go theorem that, given two copies of a quantum state, one cannot delete only one of the copies. Arun K. Pati and Samuel L. Braunstein prove the quantum no-deleting theorem. This is dual to the no-cloning theorem which shows that one cannot delete a copy of an unknown qubit.
• DiVincenzo's criteria 2000 · achieved
  Criteria for a usable quantum computer. David DiVincenzo, of IBM, proposes a list of minimal requirements for creating a quantum computer, now called DiVincenzo's criteria.
• J-SH04 2000 · achieved
  Mobile phone model. 2000 – J-SH04 introduced by J-Phone, the first commercially available mobile phone with a camera that can take and share still pictures.
• MorphOS 2000 · achieved
  Amiga-compatible computer operating system. Debian 2.2 MorphOS 0.1
• Kernel method 2000 · achieved
  Class of algorithms for pattern analysis. Support-Vector Clustering and other kernel methods and unsupervised machine learning methods become widespread.
• NetBurst 2000 · achieved
  Intel processor microarchitecture. Intel releases the Pentium 4. The processor is built using the NetBurst microarchitecture, a new design since the introduction of the P6 microarchitecture used in the Pentium Pro in late 1995.
• Ericsson R380 2000 · achieved
  Mobile phone made by Ericsson, released in 2000. The Ericsson R380, the first phone running Symbian OS was released.
• ASCI White 2000 · achieved
  Former supercomputer in the United States. IBM delivers the ASCI White supercomputer to the U.S. Department of Energy. This supercomputer was capable of performing 12.3 teraflops, making it the world's fastest at the time.
• Transmeta Crusoe 2000 · achieved
  Family of x86-compatible microprocessors. Transmeta releases the Crusoe microprocessor.
• Smart toy 2000 · achieved
  Toy which can learn, behave according to pattern, and alter its actions depending on environmental stimuli using on-board electronics. Interactive robopets (" smart toys ") become commercially available, realizing the vision of the 18th-century novelty toy makers.
• HITS algorithm 2000 · achieved
  Link analysis algorithm that rates Web pages, developed by Jon Kleinberg. 2000 – Hyperlink-induced topic search a hyperlink analysis algorithm developed by Jon Kleinberg
• Behavioral ad targeting (AdWords) 2000 · achieved
  Google AdWords, 2000; real-time bidding.
• VMware Workstation 1999 · achieved
  Hosted hypervisor for Windows and Linux. April: VMware releases VMware Workstation 6.5 beta, the first program for Windows and Linux to enable DirectX 9 accelerated graphics on Windows XP guests.
• X86 virtualization 1999 · achieved
  Hardware-assisted virtualization on x86/x86-64 CPUs. February 8: VMware introduces the first x86 virtualization product for the Intel IA-32 architecture, known as VMware Virtual Platform, based on earlier research by its founders at Stanford University.
• GameMaker 1999 · achieved
  Game engine. Game Maker Language (GML) Mark Overmars Game Maker
• Inferno 1999 · achieved
  Distributed operating system based on ideas and technology from Plan 9. Inferno Second Edition ( Last distribution (Release 2.3, c. July 1999 ) from Lucent's Inferno Business Unit )
• I-mode 1999 · achieved
  Mobile Internet service (1999–2026) popular in Japan during the 2000s. 1999: NTT DoCoMo launches i-mode, the first integrated Online App store for mobile phones
• Digital video recorder 1999 · achieved
  Electronic device that records video in a digital format to an electronic storage medium. 1999: The first digital video recorder (DVR), the TiVo, is launched
• DeCSS 1999 · achieved
  Free open-source program to decode DVDs with encryption. October 1999 – DeCSS, a computer program capable of decrypting content on a DVD, is published on the Internet.
• SD card 1999 · achieved
  Removable memory storage for portable devices. Lexar announces the first SD card which can store 1 terabyte.
• Athlon 1999 · achieved
  Brand of microprocessors by AMD. AMD releases an Athlon clocked at 750 MHz.
• Yarrow algorithm 1999 · achieved
  Family of cryptographic pseudorandom number generators devised by J. Kelsey, B. Schneier, and N. Ferguson. 1999 – Yarrow algorithm designed by Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, and Niels Ferguson
• Gradient boosting 1999 · achieved
  Machine learning technique based on boosting in a functional space, where the target is pseudo-residuals instead of residuals as in traditional boosting. 1999 – gradient boosting algorithm developed by Jerome H. Friedman
• DSL and cable broadband 1999~ · achieved
  Mass home broadband in the late 1990s.
• Consumer GPU (GeForce 256) 1999 · achieved
  Marketed as the first GPU (hardware transform and lighting).
• Superconducting qubits 1999 · achieved
  Nakamura's charge qubit, NEC 1999.
• GPU 1999 · achieved
  NVIDIA GeForce 256, 1999.
• High-definition television 1998 · achieved
  TV resolution standard. The development of television technology for military purposes increases the resolution to 1029 lines at 25 frames per second. Commercial HDTV television reached that resolution almost half a century later.
• IMac 1998 · achieved
  All-in-one desktop computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. and manufactured by Foxconn. Apple announces the iMac, an all-in-one with integral 15 inch (381 mm) multiscan monitor, 24× CD-ROM, 2× available USB ports, 56 kbit/s modem, two stereo speakers, and Ethernet, but no floppy drive.
• Rsync 1998 · achieved
  File synchronization protocol and software. 1998 – rsync algorithm developed by Andrew Tridgell
• PageRank 1998 · achieved
  Brin and Page.
• Search engine (Google) 1998 · achieved
  PageRank, 1998.
• Topological quantum computer 1997 · achieved
  Hypothetical fault-tolerant quantum computer based on topological condensed matter. Alexei Kitaev describes the principles of topological quantum computation as a method for dealing with the problem of decoherence.
• OpenPGP 1997 · achieved
  Encryption standard. July 1997 – OpenPGP specification (RFC 2440) released
• Pentium II 1997 · achieved
  Family of Intel microprocessors. Intel releases the Pentium II processor, 233, 266, and 300 MHz versions. It has a larger on-chip cache and expanded instruction set.
• MMX 1997 · achieved
  Instruction set designed by Intel. Intel released Pentium MMX, 166 and 200 MHz versions. Its MMX instruction set is designed to increase performance when running multimedia applications.
• Social networking service 1997 · achieved
  Online platform that facilitates the building of social relations. 1997 – SixDegrees.com is launched, the first of several early social networking services.
• Long short-term memory 1997 · achieved
  Artificial recurrent neural network architecture used in deep learning. An LSTM trained by connectionist temporal classification was the first recurrent neural network to win pattern recognition contests, winning three competitions in connected handwriting recognition.
• Deep Blue 1997 · achieved
  Chess-playing supercomputer built by IBM. The Deep Blue chess machine ( IBM ) defeats the (then) world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.
• Mersenne twister 1997 · achieved
  Pseudorandom number generator whose period is a Mersenne prime. 1997 – Mersenne Twister a pseudo random number generator developed by Makoto Matsumoto and Tajuki Nishimura
• Wi-Fi (802.11) 1997 · achieved
  802.11 (1997); 802.11b (1999).
• OCaml 1996 · achieved
  Extension of the Caml programming language. OCaml INRIA Caml Light, Standard ML
• POWER2 1996 · achieved
  1993 microprocessors by IBM. P2SC processor (15 million transistors) IBM
• Alpha 21164 chip 1996 · achieved
  Microprocessor known by its code name, EV5. Alpha 21164 processor (550 MHz) Digital Equipment
• DVD player 1996 · achieved
  Device that plays DVD discs. First DVD player ever made Tatung Company
• Outlook.com 1996 · achieved
  Microsoft free web-based email service. Hotmail, founded by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith, is commercially launched on Independence Day in the United States, symbolically representing freedom from Internet service providers. (Hotmail is now owned and operated by Microsoft;
• Toshiba Libretto 1996 · achieved
  Subnotebook computers. Toshiba released the Libretto sub-notebook. With a volume of 821.1 cm 3 and a weight of just 840 g, it was the smallest PC compatible computer to be released at that time.
• Nokia 9000 Communicator 1996 · achieved
  Mobile phone model. Nokia released the Nokia 9000, the first of Nokia's smartphones.
• Volunteer computing 1996 · achieved
  System where users donate computer resources to contribute to research. The appearance of the first research grids using volunteer computing – GIMPS (1996) and distributed.net (1997).
• Creatures 1996 · achieved
  1990s artificial life game series. Steve Grand, roboticist and computer scientist, develops and releases Creatures, a popular simulation of artificial life-forms with simulated biochemistry, neurology with learning algorithms and inheritable digital DNA.
• RIPEMD 1996 · achieved
  Cryptographic hash function. 1996 – RIPEMD-160 developed by Hans Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel
• Dense wavelength-division multiplexing 1996 · achieved
  Commercial DWDM.
• Grover's algorithm 1996 · achieved
  Quadratic quantum search speedup, 1996.
• Quantum neural network 1995 · achieved
  Computational neural network model based on the principles of quantum mechanics. Independently, Subhash Kak and Ronald Chrisley propose the first quantum neural network.
• AROS Research Operating System 1995 · achieved
  Operating system. AROS ( Boot for the first time in Stand Alone version )
• Ensemble learning 1995 · achieved
  In machine learning, the use of multiple algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone. Algorithm introduction Random decision forests Tin Kam Ho publishes "Random decision forests", describing an ensemble method that combines multiple decision tree classifiers.
• DVD 1995 · achieved
  Optical disc format for the storage and playback of digital video and other digital data. 1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions.
• Intel P6 1995 · achieved
  Intel processor microarchitecture. Intel released Pentium Pro, 150, 166, 180, and 200 MHz versions, on one day. It was the first product based on the P6 microarchitecture, later used in the Pentium II, III, M, and Core processors.
• BeBox 1995 · achieved
  Personal computer sold by Be Inc.. Be Inc. launch the BeBox, featuring two PowerPC 603 processors running at 66 MHz, and running their new operating system BeOS.
• Java platform 1995 · achieved
  Set of several computer software products and specifications. Sun Microsystems first announces Java at the SunWorld conference.
• Zip drive 1995 · achieved
  Removable cartridge disk storage system. Zip drive removable floppy disk storage introduced.
• Jaz drive 1995 · achieved
  Removable hard disk storage system. Jaz drive removable hard disk storage introduced.
• Ukkonen's algorithm 1995 · achieved
  Algorithm for construction of suffix trees. 1995 – Ukkonen's algorithm for construction of suffix trees
• AdaBoost 1995 · achieved
  Boosting algorithm. 1995 – AdaBoost algorithm, the first practical boosting algorithm, was introduced by Yoav Freund and Robert Schapire
• First-class functions 1995 · achieved
  Programming language feature that allows manipulating functions like other values. JavaScript, a scripting language widely used for client-side web development, became the originating dialect of the ECMAScript standard. It is a dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based language with first-class functions.
• Quantum error correction codes 1995 · achieved
  Shor code 1995; surface codes ~1997.
• Trapped-ion qubits 1995 · achieved
  Cirac–Zoller gate (1995) demonstrated at NIST.
• Software-defined radio 1994 · achieved
  Radio communication system implemented by means of software. 1994: The U.S. Army and DARPA launched an aggressive successful project to construct a software radio that could become a different radio on the fly by changing software.
• Image stabilization 1994 · achieved
  Techniques used to reduce blurring of images. 1994 – Nikon introduces the first optical-stabilized lens.
• Bluetooth 1994 · achieved
  Short-distance wireless communication protocol. Bluetooth Ericsson
• RSA Factoring Challenge 1994 · achieved
  Computational number theory challenge aimed at factorizing a given set of semi-prime numbers. 1994 – First RSA Factoring Challenge from 1977 is decrypted as The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage.
• RC4 1994 · achieved
  Stream cipher. 1994 – Formerly proprietary, but un-patented, RC4 cipher algorithm is published on the Internet.
• Transport Layer Security 1994 · achieved
  Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit. 1994 – Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption protocol released by Netscape.
• Blender 1994 · achieved
  3D computer graphics software (free and open-source). Blender, a 3D graphics software package, becomes open-source software after a crowdfunding campaign successfully raises €100,000.
• Pentium 1994 · achieved
  Brand of Intel microprocessors. Intel releases the Pentium processor, 75 MHz version.
• IBM Simon 1994 · achieved
  Smartphone model. IBM releases the IBM Simon a forerunner to the smartphone.
• Motorola 68060 1994 · achieved
  32-bit microprocessor. Motorola released the 68060 processor.
• Soft computing 1994 · achieved
  Computing that is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. Lotfi A. Zadeh at U.C.
• Bootstrap aggregating 1994 · achieved
  Ensemble method within machine learning. 1994 – Bootstrap aggregating (bagging) developed by Leo Breiman
• Burrows–Wheeler transform 1994 · achieved
  Algorithm used in data compression techniques. 1994 – Burrows–Wheeler transform developed by Michael Burrows and David Wheeler
• Shor's algorithm 1994 · achieved
  Polynomial-time quantum factoring, 1994.
• QR code 1994 · achieved
  Denso Wave, 1994.
• K 1993 · achieved
  Programming language. K Arthur Whitney APL, Lisp
• Mbone 1993 · achieved
  Former computer network. Severe Tire Damage made the first live music performance on the Internet, using MBone technology.
• Pentium P5 1993 · achieved
  Family of Intel Pentium 1 microprocessors. Intel releases the P5 -based Pentium processor, 60 and 66 MHz versions. It has over 3.1 million transistors and can achieve up to 100 MIPS. John H. Crawford co-managed the design of the P5; Donald Alpert managed the architectural team;
• Computer vision 1993 · achieved
  Computerized information extraction from images. Ian Horswill extended behavior-based robotics by creating Polly, the first robot to navigate using vision and operate at animal-like speeds (1 meter/second).
• Karger's algorithm 1993 · achieved
  Randomized algorithm for minimum cuts. 1993 – Karger's algorithm to compute the minimum cut of a connected graph by David Karger
• Apriori algorithm 1993 · achieved
  Algorithm for frequent item set mining and association rule learning over transactional databases. 1993 – Apriori algorithm developed by Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishnan Srikant
• Graphical web browser (Mosaic) 1993 · achieved
  NCSA; Netscape followed in 1994.
• MP3 perceptual audio coding 1993 · achieved
  Fraunhofer; it led to streaming.
• CMOS image sensor 1993 · achieved
  Fossum's active pixel sensor at JPL, 1993.
• Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm 1992 · achieved
  Quantum algorithm. Ethan Bernstein and Umesh Vazirani propose the Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm.
• Photo CD 1992 · achieved
  System designed by Kodak for digitizing and saving photos in a CD. 1992 – Photo CD created by Kodak.
• OpenGL 1992 · achieved
  Cross-platform graphics API. 3dfx releases Voodoo, the first consumer 3D accelerator, able to render scenes in real time and in high resolution. GLQuake (an OpenGL port of Quake ) is the first popular game using this new technology.
• DEC Alpha 1992 · achieved
  64-bit RISC microprocessor. Digital Equipment Corporation introduces the Alpha AXP architecture and the Alpha-based DEC 3000 AXP workstations, DEC 4000 AXP departmental servers and the DEC 7000 AXP enterprise servers.
• Amiga 1200 1992 · achieved
  Home computer. Commodore International releases the Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000. Both machines included the improved Advanced Graphics Architecture chipset. The 1200 had a 14 MHz 68020 processor; the 4000 had a 25 MHz 68040.
• 386BSD 1992 · achieved
  Operating system. First release of 386BSD: the first fully operational Unix operating system to be completely free and open source, and to be able to ran on PC-compatible computer systems based on the 32-bit Intel 80386 ("i386").
• PowerPC 600 1992 · achieved
  Microarchitecture. The PowerPC 601, developed by IBM, Motorola and Apple Computer, was released. This was the first generation of PowerPC processors.
• Philips CD-i 1992 · achieved
  Home multimedia and video game console. Introduction of CD-i launched by Philips.
• ThinkPad 1992 · achieved
  Business computers and tablets series by Lenovo. 1992 – IBM ThinkPad 700C laptop computer created. It was lightweight compared to its predecessors.
• Telepresence 1992 · achieved
  Set of technologies which allow a person to feel as if they were present in another place. Carol Stoker and NASA Ames robotics team explore marine life in Antarctica with an undersea robot Telepresence ROV operated from the ice near McMurdo Bay, Antarctica and remotely via satellite link from Moffett Field, California.
• C4.5 algorithm 1992 · achieved
  Decision trees algorithm. 1992 – C4.5 algorithm, a descendant of ID3 decision tree algorithm, was developed by Ross Quinlan
• Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm 1992 · achieved
  Quantum algorithm. 1992 – Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm proposed by D. Deutsch and Richard Jozsa
• ERP software (SAP R/3) 1992 · achieved
  Client-server ERP integrated supply chains.
• Reality television 1992 · achieved
  The Real World, 1992.
• Korean DRAM/memory leadership 1992 · achieved
  Samsung became the top DRAM maker in 1992.
• SIM card 1991 · achieved
  Smartcard for cellular devices containing authentication information necessary for connecting to the cell network. 1991: The first sim card is developed by Munich smart-card maker Giesecke & Devrient
• Solid-state drive 1991 · achieved
  Semiconductor-based data storage medium, often used for auxiliary memory to store data. 1991: The first commercial flash-based solid-state drive is launched by SunDisk.
• Floating-point unit 1991 · achieved
  Coprocessor for floating point arithmetic. The Intel 80486 SX is released as a cheaper alternative to 80486 DX, with the key difference being the lack of an integrated FPU.
• CDTV 1991 · achieved
  Video game console and multimedia device. Commodore release the CDTV, an Amiga multimedia appliance with CD-ROM drive but no floppy drive.
• Non-blocking algorithm 1991 · achieved
  Class of algorithms. 1991 – Wait-free synchronization developed by Maurice Herlihy
• Webcam 1991 · achieved
  Computer-connected video camera that streams its image in real time to a computer network. The first randomized webcam chatroom
• High-level scripting languages (Python) 1991 · achieved
  Van Rossum; the lingua franca of ML.
• Open-source OS model (Linux) 1991 · achieved
  Torvalds; it now runs most servers and Android.
• 2G GSM 1991 · achieved
  The first GSM call in Finland (1991); SMS.
• World Wide Web 1991 · achieved
  Berners-Lee at CERN, 1989–91.
• Digital data 1990~ · achieved
  Discrete, discontinuous representations of information or works, as contrasted with continuous, or analog signals which behave in a continuous manner, or represent information using a continuous function. Late 1990s: The digital transmissions began to be applied to broadcasting.
• J 1990 · achieved
  Programming language. J Kenneth E. Iverson, Roger Hui at Iverson Software APL, FP
• Multimedia PC 1990 · achieved
  Recommended configuration for a personal computer with a CD-ROM drive. Multimedia PC (MPC) Level 1 specification published by a council of companies including Microsoft and Creative Labs. This specified the minimum standards for a Multimedia IBM PC.
• Amiga 3000 1990 · achieved
  Home computer by Commodore. Commodore releases the Amiga 3000, the first 32-bit Amiga. It used a Motorola 68030 processor and the upgraded ECS chipset. Amiga OS 2.0 was released with the launch of the A3000, which exploited its 32-bit architecture.
• Archie 1990 · achieved
  FTP search engine. 1990 – Archie, the world's first search engine, was released.
• Web crawler 1990~ · achieved
  Internet bot that systematically browses the World Wide Web, typically for the purpose of Web indexing (web spidering). Web crawlers and other AI-based information extraction programs become essential in widespread use of the World Wide Web.
• BLAST 1990 · achieved
  Bioinformatics software. 1990 – BLAST algorithm developed by Stephen Altschul, Warren Gish, Webb Miller, Eugene Myers, and David J. Lipman from National Institutes of Health
• Matrix multiplication algorithm 1990 · achieved
  Algorithm to multiply matrices. 1990 – Coppersmith–Winograd algorithm developed by Don Coppersmith and Shmuel Winograd
• General number field sieve 1990 · achieved
  Integer factorization algorithm. 1990 – General number field sieve developed from SNFS by Carl Pomerance, Joe Buhler, Hendrik Lenstra, and Leonard Adleman
• Web server 1990 · achieved
  Computer software that distributes web pages. One of the most widely used web servers in the world, created by Igor Sysoev.
• HTTP and HTML (Berners-Lee) 1990 · achieved
  CERN proposal 1989; first server 1990.
• Fredkin gate 1989 · achieved
  Universal reversible logic gate, applied in quantum computing. Gerard J. Milburn proposes a quantum-optical realization of a Fredkin gate.
• Q-learning 1989 · achieved
  Model-free reinforcement learning algorithm. Algorithm introduction Q-learning Christopher Watkins introduces Q-learning in his doctoral thesis, Learning from Delayed Rewards, as a method of reinforcement learning.
• Universal approximation theorem 1989 · achieved
  Theorem that a feed-forward network with a single hidden layer can approximate continuous functions.
• ZIP 1989 · achieved
  Type of archive file format. 1989 – Phil Katz publishes the.zip format including DEFLATE (LZ77 + Huffman coding); later to become the most widely used archive container
• Quantum annealing 1989 · achieved
  Method for finding solutions to combinatorial optimisation problems and ground states of glassy systems using quantum fluctuations. 1989–98 – Quantum annealing
• Intel 80486 1989 · achieved
  Family of 32-bit microprocessors introduced in 1989, including DX, SX and SL models. 486 microprocessor (33 MHz) Intel
• Sound Blaster 1989 · achieved
  Creative Technology's sound card brand. Singapore Release of Sound Blaster Card, by Creative Labs, its success was ensured by maintaining compatibility with the widely supported AdLib soundcard of 1987.
• Super Video Graphics Array 1989 · achieved
  Graphics display resolution with 800 horizontal pixels and 600 vertical pixels. US The Video Electronics Standards Association, an industry consortium of major SVGA card manufacturers, was formed and introduced the VESA BIOS Extensions standard.
• HCL Domino 1989 · achieved
  Rapid application development platform. 1989 – Lotus Notes software is launched.
• Skip list 1989 · achieved
  Data structure that allows fast search within an ordered sequence of elements. 1989 – Skip list discovered by William Pugh
• Paxos 1989 · achieved
  Family of protocols for solving consensus in a network of unreliable processors. 1989 – Paxos protocol developed by Leslie Lamport
• Correction tape 1989 · achieved
  Tape used to correct mistakes during typing or handwriting. Correction tape
• Controlled NOT gate 1988 · achieved
  Quantum logic gate that operates on 2 qubits, flipping the second qubit if and only if the first qubit is 1. Yoshihisa Yamamoto and K. Igeta propose the first physical realization of a quantum computer, including Feynman's CNOT gate.
• Tcl 1988 · achieved
  Scripting language. Tcl John Ousterhout Awk, Lisp
• Giant magnetoresistance 1988 · achieved
  Quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect. 2007 – Giant magnetoresistance recognized (Nobel prize, Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg)
• Packet analyzer 1988 · achieved
  Computer network equipment or software that analyzes network traffic. A study of data traffic by popular smartphones running variants of the Android software found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out (i.e.
• Write once read many 1988 · achieved
  Data storage device in which information, once written, cannot be modified. US WORM (Write Once Read Many times) – disks marketed for first time by IBM.
• Extended Industry Standard Architecture 1988 · achieved
  Bus standard for IBM PC compatible computers. ? EISA Bus standard introduced.
• Extended memory 1988 · achieved
  Section of computer memory in PC compatibles. ? XMS Standard introduced.
• Optical computer 1988 · achieved
  Computer that uses photons or light particles. ? First optical chip developed, it uses light instead of electricity to increase processing speed.
• Moving Picture Experts Group 1988 · achieved
  Working group of experts. Italy Foundation of the MPEG group by Leonardo Chiariglione and Hiroshi Yasuda.
• Special number field sieve 1988 · achieved
  Integer factorization algorithm. 1988 – Special number field sieve developed by John Pollard
• MIT License 1988 · achieved
  Permissive free software license. Jun 11, 2018 OpenAI 0.117B Unknown 1 MIT First GPT model, decoder-only transformer. Trained for 30 days on 8 P600 GPUs.
• First transatlantic fiber cable (TAT-8) 1988 · achieved
  Fiber goes under the sea.
• HyperTalk 1987 · achieved
  Programming language. HyperTalk Apple Computer none (unique language)
• Canon EF lens mount 1987~ · achieved
  Standard lens mount on the Canon EOS family. Canon releases the first camera for its fully electronic autofocus EF lens mount, the EOS 650
• Hyperspectral imaging 1987 · achieved
  Method of imaging using a wide range of wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum.
• IBM 8514 1987 · achieved
  Video adapter released by IBM in 1987 for use with IBM PS/2 computers. US The 8514/A introduced by IBM. This was a graphics card that included its own processor to speed up the drawing of common objects. The advantages included a reduction in CPU workload.
• Multi-Color Graphics Array 1987 · achieved
  Video subsystem built into the motherboard of the IBM PS/2 Model 30. US MCGA released (only for low end PS/2s, i.e. the Model 30) by IBM.
• Video Graphics Array 1987 · achieved
  Computer display standard and resolution. US VGA released (designed for the PS/2) by IBM.
• Amiga 500 1987 · achieved
  Personal computer by Commodore. US Commodore released the Amiga 500 and the Amiga 2000. The Amiga 500 was similar to the original Amiga 1000, but in an all-in-one case with 512 KB of RAM and at a lower price.
• Connection Machine 1987 · achieved
  Supercomputer. US Connection Machine, an interesting [ attribution needed ] supercomputer which instead of integration of circuits operates up to 64,000 fairly ordinary microprocessors – using parallel architecture – at the same time;
• Acorn Archimedes 1987 · achieved
  General purpose home computer. UK Introduction of Acorn Archimedes.
• IBM Personal System/2 1987 · achieved
  Second generation of personal computers by IBM. US On April 2 PS/2 Systems were introduced by IBM. The first 4 models were released on this date.
• Intelligent agent 1987 · achieved
  Agent that perceives its environment, takes actions autonomously in order to achieve goals, and may improve its performance through learning or acquiring knowledge, whether. Marvin Minsky published The Society of Mind, a theoretical description of the mind as a collection of cooperating agents. He had been lecturing on the idea for years before the book came out (cf. Doyle 1983).
• Erbium-doped fiber amplifier 1987 · achieved
  Payne (Southampton) and Desurvire (Bell Labs).
• NAND flash (Masuoka) 1987 · achieved
  Toshiba, introduced 1987.
• Pure-play foundry (TSMC) 1987 · achieved
  TSMC founded 1987.
• PC-1512 1986 · achieved
  Personal computer. UK Amstrad announced Amstrad PC1512, a cheap and powerful PC. It had a slightly enhanced CGA graphics adapter, 512 KB RAM (upgradable to 640KB), 8086 processor (upgradable to NEC V30) and a 20 MB hard disk (optional).
• Macintosh Plus 1986 · achieved
  Home computer model by Apple. US Apple released another enhanced version of the Macintosh (the Macintosh Plus personal computer) – this one could cope with 4 MB of RAM (for the first time, upgradable via SIMMs ) and it had a built-in SCSI adapter based on the NCR 5380.
• Parallel ATA 1986 · achieved
  Interface standard for the connection of storage devices. US Compaq started the development of the IDE interface (see also 1989).
• Barnes–Hut simulation 1986 · achieved
  Approximation algorithm for performing an n-body simulation. 1986 – Barnes–Hut tree method developed by Josh Barnes and Piet Hut for fast approximate simulation of n-body problems
• Push–relabel maximum flow algorithm 1986 · achieved
  Algorithm. 1986 – Push relabel maximum flow algorithm by Andrew Goldberg and Robert Tarjan
• Blum Blum Shub 1986 · achieved
  Pseudorandom number generator. 1986 – Blum Blum Shub proposed by L. Blum, M. Blum, and M. Shub
• NSFNET backbone and commercialization 1986 · achieved
  Opened to commercial traffic by 1995.
• Logic synthesis (Synopsys) 1986 · achieved
  Design Compiler: from HDL to gates.
• Backpropagation 1986 · achieved
  Rumelhart, Hinton, and Williams, 1986.
• Quantum Turing machine 1985 · achieved
  Model of quantum computation. David Deutsch, at the University of Oxford, England, describes the first universal quantum computer.
• AMPL 1985 · achieved
  Algebraic modeling language. AMPL Robert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories
• Graphics Environment Manager 1985 · achieved
  Operating environment created by Digital Research, Inc.. Graphics Environment Manager
• Intel 80386 1985 · achieved
  Family of 32-bit microprocessors introduced in 1985, including DX, SX and SL models. 80386 microprocessor (25 MHz) Intel
• Enhanced Graphics Adapter 1985 · achieved
  Computer display standard. US Enhanced Graphics Adapter released.
• CD-ROM 1985 · achieved
  Pre-pressed compact disc containing computer data. 1982: A CD-ROM contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 Yellow Book standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data.
• Amstrad PCW 1985 · achieved
  Series of personal computers produced by British company Amstrad from 1985 to 1998. UK Amstrad introduced Amstrad PCW 8256/8512, an 8 bit, Z80 based computer system with 256 or 512 KB of RAM, dedicated to word processing and promoted as the alternative of electronic typewriters.
• Atari ST 1985 · achieved
  Series of personal computer models. The Atari ST, an inexpensive 8 MHz Motorola 68000 -based computer, appeared. Nicknamed the "Jackintosh", after Atari owner Jack Tramiel, it featured 512 KB of memory and used GEM graphical interface from Digital Research.
• Commodore 128 1985 · achieved
  Home computer. US Commodore 128 was released. Based on a complex multi-mode architecture, this was Commodore's last 8-bit computer. Cost: $299.95 for each of the CPU unit and accompanying 1571 disk drive.
• Expanded memory 1985 · achieved
  System of bank switching in DOS memory management. US Expanded memory specification, a memory paging scheme for PCs, was introduced by Lotus and Intel.
• Splay tree 1985 · achieved
  Self-adjusting binary search tree with the additional property that recently accessed elements are quick to access again. 1985 – Splay trees discovered by Sleator and Tarjan
• FPGA (Xilinx XC2064) 1985 · achieved
  Reprogrammable logic.
• ARM architecture 1985 · achieved
  Acorn ARM1 (1985).
• Open Programming Language 1984 · achieved
  Programming language. OPL Psion BASIC
• Rocq prover 1984 · achieved
  Proof assistant. Rocq (then: Coq) INRIA
• Motorola 68020 1984 · achieved
  Microprocessor model. US Motorola released the 68020 processor.
• Amstrad CPC 1984 · achieved
  Series of home computers produced by Amstrad. UK Amstrad CPC was introduced first in Britain, later in other European markets as well. The machine was based on the popular 8 bit Z80 CPU. The mainboard (i.e.
• HP LaserJet 1984 · achieved
  Laser printer model series produced by Hewlett-Packard. US Hewlett-Packard release the immensely popular LaserJet printer; by 1993 they had sold over 10 million LaserJet printers and over 20 million printers overall. [ paragraph citation needed ] HP were also pioneering inkjet technology.
• Sinclair QL 1984 · achieved
  Personal computer by Sinclair Research in 1984. UK Sinclair Research announced its first (and only) personal computer aimed to the business market, the Sinclair QL, at an introductory price of £399.
• Olivetti M24 1984 · achieved
  Historical computer. Italy Olivetti M24 was put on sale. This personal computer had good success and was later rebranded by AT&T.
• IBM PCjr 1984 · achieved
  Home computer. US IBM released the IBM PCjr in an attempt to get further into the home market; it cost just $699. Cheaper alternatives from other companies were preferred by the home buyer, but businesses continued to buy IBM. PC DOS 2.1 (for PCjr).
• Karmarkar's algorithm 1984 · achieved
  Linear programing method. 1984 – Karmarkar's interior-point algorithm developed by Narendra Karmarkar
• Lempel–Ziv–Welch 1984 · achieved
  Universal lossless data compression algorithm. 1984 – LZW algorithm developed from LZ78 by Terry Welch
• Mass-market GUI (Macintosh) 1984 · achieved
  The GUI mass market.
• Hardware description languages (Verilog, VHDL) 1984 · achieved
  Verilog (1984) and VHDL (1987).
• Quantum key distribution (BB84, Micius) 1984 · achieved
  BB84 protocol 1984; Micius satellite 2016.
• KornShell 1983 · achieved
  Type of Unix shell. KornShell ( ksh ) David Korn sh
• Free and open-source software 1983 · achieved
  Software that is both free (as in freedom) and open-source. GitHub Copilot, a programmer assistant AI, was released. Later FOSS variants of the tool included FauxPilot.
• Lotus 1-2-3 1983 · achieved
  Software. US Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet software launched.
• Galaksija 1983 · achieved
  Yugoslavian personal computer. Serbia Detailed schematic diagrams for build-it-yourself computer Galaksija released in Belgrade. Thousands were soon assembled by computer enthusiasts.
• Compaq Portable 1983 · achieved
  Early portable computer. Compaq Portable released, the first IBM PC compatible machine released with an IBM PC compatible BIOS written from scratch.
• IBM Personal Computer XT 1983 · achieved
  Personal computer model. US IBM XT released, similar to the original IBM PC but with a hard drive. It had a 10 MB hard disk, 128 KB of RAM, one floppy drive, mono monitor and a printer, all for $5000.
• Apple Lisa 1983 · achieved
  Personal computer by Apple Inc.. Lisa Office System 7/7
• Decision tree learning 1983 · achieved
  Algorithm that recursively splits data on attributes to build a tree for classification or regression. 1983 – Classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm developed by Leo Breiman, et al.
• Simulated annealing 1983 · achieved
  Numerical optimization technique for searching for a solution in a space otherwise too large for ordinary search methods to yield results. 1953 – Simulated annealing introduced by Nicholas Metropolis
• Soviet Active Measures (Operation INFEKTION) 1983 · achieved
  Soviet bloc intelligence planted a claim that the US military created HIV in a small Indian newspaper, then laundered it through sympathetic outlets into worldwide coverage, a model of KGB dezinformatsiya.
• GNU Project and free software 1983 · achieved
  Stallman.
• Domain Name System 1983 · achieved
  Mockapetris.
• MIDI 1983 · achieved
  The music-computer protocol.
• TCP/IP and the Internet 1983 · achieved
  ARPANET switches to TCP/IP, January 1983.
• Mobile phone 1983 · achieved
  DynaTAC, 1983.
• Recurrent neural network 1982 · achieved
  Class of artificial neural network where connections between units form a directed graph along a temporal sequence. Model introduction Hopfield networks John Hopfield describes a recurrent neural network that can function as a content-addressable memory. The model becomes known as the Hopfield network.
• Laptop 1982 · achieved
  Personal computer that is foldable and portable. 1982: The first laptop computer is launched, the 8/16-bit Epson HX-20.
• Satellite television 1982 · achieved
  Television content transmitted via signals from orbiting satellites. 1982: Direct to home satellite television transmission, with the launch of Sky One service.
• Commodore 64 1982 · achieved
  8-bit home computer introduced in 1982. US The Commodore 64 is released, retailing at US$595. The price rapidly dropped, creating a price war and causing the departure of numerous companies from the home computing market.
• ZX Spectrum 1982 · achieved
  Series of personal home computers. UK The Sinclair ZX Spectrum was announced, released later in the year. It is based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor, running at 3.5 MHz with an 8 color graphics display.
• Intel 80286 1982 · achieved
  Microprocessor model. October 9, 1985: Announcement of the Intel 80286 -based AT&T 6300+ with Simultask, a virtual machine monitor developed by Locus Computing Corporation in collaboration with AT&T, enabling the direct execution of an Intel 8086 realmode g…
• BBC Micro 1982 · achieved
  Series of microcomputers by Acorn. UK Introduction of the BBC Micro, announced in December 1981. Based on the MOS Technology 6502 processor, it was a very popular computer for British schools up to the development of the Acorn Archimedes (in 1987).
• Fifth Generation Computer Systems 1982 · achieved
  Initiative by Japan to create computers using massively parallel computing and logic programming.
• Compact Disc digital audio 1982 · achieved
  Sony and Philips.
• Quantum computer proposal (Feynman, Deutsch) 1982 · achieved
  Feynman 1982; Deutsch's universal quantum computer, 1985.
• Amoeba 1981 · achieved
  Distributed operation system for timesharing on a network, developed at the 'Vrije' University in Amsterdam. Amoeba – microkernel-based, POSIX-compliant, distributed OS
• Portable media player 1981 · achieved
  Portable device capable of storing and playing digital media such as audio, images, and video files. 1981: Kane Kramer develops the credit card-sized, IXI digital media player.
• Xerox Star 1981 · achieved
  Workstation. US The Xerox 8010 ('Star') System, the first commercial system to use a WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing Devices) graphic user interface.
• Sinclair ZX81 1981 · achieved
  Home computer produced by Sinclair Research. UK Sinclair ZX81 was released, for a similar price to the ZX80 (see 1980).
• Internet Protocol 1981 · achieved
  Network-layer protocol for addressing and routing packets. US Development of the Transmission Control Program began by a group led by Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn. Its eventual evolution into a protocol suite for internetworking enabled a network-of-networks to form the Internet.
• Nordic Mobile Telephone 1981 · achieved
  Mobile telephone system. 1981 – Comvik introduces the world's first automatic mobile phone service followed a week later by Nordic Mobile Telephone.
• Smith–Waterman algorithm 1981 · achieved
  Algorithm performs local sequence alignment. 1981 – Smith–Waterman algorithm developed by Temple F. Smith and Michael S. Waterman
• Quadratic sieve 1981 · achieved
  Integer factorization algorithm. 1981 – Quadratic sieve developed by Carl Pomerance
• Parallel computing 1981 · achieved
  Programming paradigm in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Danny Hillis designs the connection machine, which utilizes parallel computing to bring new power to AI, and to computation in general. (Later founds Thinking Machines Corporation )
• Open-architecture PC (IBM PC) 1981 · achieved
  The open architecture created the clone market.
• Toffoli gate 1980 · achieved
  In quantum computing, a universal reversible logic gate consisting of a CNOT gate with two control bits and one target bit. Tommaso Toffoli introduces the reversible Toffoli gate, which (together with initialized ancilla bits ) is functionally complete for reversible classical computation.
• Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria 1980 · achieved
  DoD standard for computer security. STOP – TCSEC A1-class, secure OS for SCOMP hardware
• Olivetti M20 1980 · achieved
  Personal computer. PCOS (Olivetti M20)
• Intel iAPX 432 1980 · achieved
  Discontinued Intel microprocessor architecture. iMAX – OS for Intel's iAPX 432 capability machine
• Commodore VIC-20 1980 · achieved
  Home computer. United States (US) Commodore released the VIC-20, which had 3.5 KB of usable memory and was based on the MOS Technology 6502 processor. Magazines became available which contained the code for various utilities and games.
• Usenet 1980 · achieved
  Worldwide computer-based distributed discussion system. 1980 – Usenet is established.
• Cycle detection 1980 · achieved
  Algorithmic problem. 1980 – Brent's Algorithm for cycle detection Richard P. Brendt
• RISC (IBM 801, Berkeley, Stanford) 1980 · achieved
  Cocke's IBM 801 (1980); Patterson's RISC-I (1982).
• VLSI design (Mead & Conway) 1980 · achieved
  Introduction to VLSI Systems: design rules decouple design from fab.
• Flash memory 1980 · achieved
  Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba, 1980.
• Chroot 1979 · achieved
  Operation that changes the apparent root directory in Unix-like systems. The chroot system call is introduced during development of Version 7 Unix, laying a foundation for container virtualization.
• AWK 1979 · achieved
  Data-driven programming language made by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger and Brian Kernighan. AWK Alfred Aho, Peter J. Weinberger, Brian Kernighan C, SNOBOL
• Neocognitron 1979 · achieved
  Type of artificial neural network. Model introduction Neocognitron Kunihiko Fukushima proposes the neocognitron, a multilayer neural network designed to recognize patterns despite changes in their position. An English-language account is published in 1980.
• Microvision 1979 · achieved
  First handheld game console that used interchangeable cartridges. 1979: The first handheld game console with interchangeable game cartridges, the Microvision is released.
• DBase 1979 · achieved
  Database management system. Vulcan dBase-II Wayne Ratliff RETRIEVE
• Atari 8-bit family 1979 · achieved
  Series of home computers introduced in 1979. US Atari releases the Atari 400/800, high-performance game-oriented home computers based on the 6502 microprocessor.
• WordStar 1979 · achieved
  Word processor application. US WordStar word processing software released.
• UUCP 1979 · achieved
  Computer command or set of programs allowing two computers to exchange files and execute commands on the remote machine. US Shortly after the release of V7 Unix, which included UUCP, a protocol for communication over standard telephone lines, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis developed and released Usenet, a global discussion group system.
• Motorola 68000 family 1979 · achieved
  Series of microprocessors. US The Motorola 68000 Microprocessor launched, the first of the 68k family. 5+ years later it was used in machines such as the Macintosh, the Atari ST and the Amiga.
• ID3 algorithm 1979 · achieved
  Decision tree algorithm. 1979 – ID3 decision tree algorithm developed by Ross Quinlan
• Ellipsoid method 1979 · achieved
  Iterative method for minimizing convex functions. 1979 – Khachiyan's ellipsoid method developed by Leonid Khachiyan
• 1G cellular (NTT) 1979 · achieved
  The NTT Tokyo network (1979); AMPS (US, 1983).
• MEMS sensors (accelerometers) 1979 · achieved
  Micromachined silicon sensors.
• Walkman 1979 · achieved
  Sony personal stereo, 1979.
• Elbrus 1978 · achieved
  Russian supercomputer. Эльбрус-1 ( Elbrus-1 ) – Soviet computer – created using high-level language uЭль-76 ( AL-76/ALGOL 68 )
• McEliece cryptosystem 1978 · achieved
  Asymmetric encryption algorithm based on the NP-hard problem of decoding a general linear code. 1978 – Robert McEliece invents the McEliece cryptosystem, the first asymmetric encryption algorithm to use randomization in the encryption process.
• Speak & Spell 1978 · achieved
  Handheld educational computer. US Introduction of the Speak & Spell educational toy by Texas Instruments. It consisted of a linear predictive coding speech synthesizer, a keyboard, and an alphanumeric vacuum fluorescent display.
• WordPerfect 1978 · achieved
  Word processing application. WordPerfect 1.0 Satellite Software
• Version space 1978 · achieved
  Term in machine learning. Tom Mitchell, at Stanford, invented the concept of Version spaces for describing the search space of a concept formation program.
• VisiCalc 1978 · achieved
  Spreadsheet software. A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper worksheet. It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting of rows and columns, each cell containing either alphanumeric text or numeric values.
• Kosaraju's algorithm 1978 · achieved
  Algorithm to find the strongly connected component of a directed graph. Kosaraju's algorithm is a linear time algorithm to find the strongly connected components of a directed graph. Aho, Hopcroft and Ullman credit it to S. Rao Kosaraju and Micha Sharir. Kosaraju suggested it in 1978.
• x86 (Intel 8086) 1978 · achieved
  The PC instruction set.
• Handheld game console 1977 · achieved
  Lightweight, portable electronic device used for gaming. First handheld electronic game ( Auto Race ) Mattel
• TRS-80 Model I 1977 · achieved
  Microcomputer launched in 1977, sold by Tandy Corporation through RadioShack stores. US Tandy brought out the TRS-80 with " Level I BASIC ". Despite simple black-and-white graphics, thanks to the nationwide chain of Radio Shack stores, it became a bestseller quickly. [ further explanation needed ]
• Commodore PET 1977 · achieved
  Home computer. US Commodore introduces the Commodore PET. It comes with 4 KB or 8 KB of RAM, and an integrated cassette deck and 9" monochrome monitor.
• TeX 1977 · achieved
  Typesetting system. 1977 – Donald Knuth begins work on TeX.
• Laser turntable 1977 · achieved
  Turntable that plays records using laser beams. 1977 – William K. Heine invents the laser turntable.
• LZ77 and LZ78 1977 · achieved
  Lossless data compression algorithms. 1977 – LZ77 algorithm developed by Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv
• Boyer–Moore string search algorithm 1977 · achieved
  String searching algorithm. 1977 – Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm for searching the occurrence of a string into another string.
• Personal computer 1977 · achieved
  Apple II, 1977; IBM PC 1981.
• SAS Language 1976 · achieved
  Programming language used for statistical analysis. SAS SAS Institute
• Steadicam 1976 · achieved
  Motion picture camera stabilizer mounts. 1976 – Steadicam becomes available.
• Transfer learning 1976 · achieved
  Research problem in machine learning (ML) that focuses on storing knowledge gained while solving one problem and applying it to a different but related problem. Research Transfer learning in neural networks Stevo Bozinovski and Ante Fulgosi investigate transfer learning in neural networks, examining how training on one task can affect learning on another.
• Arithmetic coding 1976 · achieved
  Form of entropy encoding used in lossless data compression. 1976 – Richard Pasco and Jorma J. Rissanen develop effective arithmetic coding techniques
• Data Encryption Standard 1976 · achieved
  Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher. 1976 – The Data Encryption Standard published as an official Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States.
• Cray-1 1976 · achieved
  Supercomputer manufactured by Cray Research. US Cray-1 supercomputer was invented by Seymour Cray. He left Control Data in 1972 to form his own company.
• KIM-1 1976 · achieved
  Single-board computer. US MOS Technology introduces the KIM-1 microcomputer system as a demonstrator for its 6502 CPU.
• Zilog Z80 1976 · achieved
  8-bit microprocessor. US Z80 chip released by Zilog. It was a superset of the 8080 chip with additional registers and instructions, and using only one power supply voltage. CP/M was originally written for the 8080, but many implementations used the Z80.
• Intel 8085 1976 · achieved
  8-bit microprocessor invented in 1976. US Introduction of the Intel 8085 chip. An improved version of the 8080, with a modest superset of the 8080s instruction set consisting of only two new documented instructions.
• Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm 1976 · achieved
  String searching algorithm. 1976 – Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm developed by Donald Knuth and Vaughan Pratt and independently by J. H. Morris
• Gauss–Legendre algorithm 1976 · achieved
  Quadratically converging iterative algorithm for computing π. 1976 – Salamin–Brent algorithm independently discovered by Eugene Salamin and Richard Brent
• VHS 1976 · achieved
  Consumer-level analog video tape recording and cassette form factor standard. VHS (Video Home System)
• Bayer filter 1975 · achieved
  Color filter array for arranging RGB color filters on a square grid of photosensors. 1975 – Bryce Bayer of Kodak develops the Bayer filter mosaic pattern for CCD color image sensors.
• Optical character recognition 1975 · achieved
  Computer recognition of visual text. Omni-font optical character recognition system Nuance Communications
• Photonic integrated circuit 1975 · achieved
  Device that integrates multiple (at least two) photonic functions. Integrated optical circuits Reinhart and Logan
• Digital camera 1975 · achieved
  Camera that captures photographs or video in digital format. Digital camera Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak
• IBM 5100 1975 · achieved
  Portable computer released by IBM in 1975. US IBM 5100 computer released; with integrated keyboard, display, and mass storage on tape, it resembles the personal computers of a few years later, although it does not use a microprocessor.
• MOS Technology 6502 1975 · achieved
  8-bit microprocessor. US MOS Technology releases their 6501 CPU. which is pin-compatible with Motorola's 6800, who soon starts a lawsuit against them.
• Olivetti P6060 1975 · achieved
  Personal computer. Italy Olivetti released the personal computer Olivetti P6060, the first with an integrated floppy disk drive. It was designed by Pier Giorgio Perotto.
• Mailing list 1975 · achieved
  Collection of names and addresses used to send material to multiple recipients. 1975 – First list servers are introduced.
• Aho–Corasick algorithm 1975 · achieved
  String searching algorithm. 1975 – Aho–Corasick string matching algorithm developed by Alfred V. Aho and Margaret J. Corasick
• Pollard's rho algorithm 1975 · achieved
  Algorithm. 1975 – Pollard's rho algorithm developed by John Pollard
• Genetic algorithm 1975 · achieved
  Competitive algorithm for searching a problem space. 1975 – Genetic algorithms popularized by John Holland
• CIA Covert Media Ops (Church Committee findings) 1975 · achieved
  The Senate's Church Committee documented CIA relationships with journalists and covert subsidies to media and cultural fronts abroad, often grouped under the label Operation Mockingbird.
• Sed 1974 · achieved
  Standard UNIX utility for editing streams of data. sed Lee E. McMahon of Bell Labs ed
• SQL 1974 · achieved
  Relational database language that allows to extract from data tables a series of records with selection, sorting and computation criteria, or to update, delete or add records. Structured Query language ( SQL ) IBM ALPHA, Quel (Ingres)
• Programmable calculator 1974 · achieved
  Calculator that can automatically carry out a sequence of operations via a stored program. Programmable pocket calculator Hewlett-Packard
• Feistel cipher 1974 · achieved
  Block cipher design construction. 1974? – Horst Feistel develops Feistel network block cipher design.
• Altair 8800 1974 · achieved
  Microcomputer designed in 1974. US The MITS Altair 8800, the first commercially successful hobby computer, is released. An article in Popular Electronics (January 1975), described the computer and invited people to order kits.
• Motorola 6800 1974 · achieved
  8-bit microprocessor. US Motorola announces the MC 6800 8-bit microprocessor. It is easier to implement than the 8080 because it only needs a single power supply to operate and does not need support chips.
• Quadtree 1974 · achieved
  Tree data structure in which each internal node has exactly four children. 1974 – Quadtree developed by Raphael Finkel and J.L. Bentley
• Pollard's p − 1 algorithm 1974 · achieved
  Special-purpose algorithm for factoring integers. 1974 – Pollard's p − 1 algorithm developed by John Pollard
• World Computer Chess Championship 1974 · achieved
  Computer chess competition. Kaissa became the first computer chess world champion in 1974.
• TCP/IP specification (Cerf & Kahn) 1974 · achieved
  "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication."
• Intel 8080 1974 · achieved
  It powered the Altair 8800.
• Graphical user interface 1973 · achieved
  User interface allowing interaction through graphical icons and visual indicators. 1973: The first commercial graphical user interface is introduced in 1973 on the Xerox Alto. The modern GUI is later popularized by the Xerox Star and Apple Lisa.
• TV Typewriter 1973 · achieved
  Video terminal that could display text on a standard television set. US The TV Typewriter, designed by Don Lancaster, displayed alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. It used US$120 worth of electronics components.
• Micral 1973 · achieved
  Computer by R2E. FRA Microcomputer Micral N, developed in 1973 by Frenchman François Gernelle, of the company R2E.
• Hopcroft–Karp algorithm 1973 · achieved
  Algorithm for maximum cardinality matching in bipartite graphs. 1973 – Hopcroft–Karp algorithm developed by John Hopcroft and Richard Karp
• Gift wrapping algorithm 1973 · achieved
  Algorithm for computing convex hulls by tracing the boundary of the hull. 1973 – Jarvis march algorithm developed by R. A. Jarvis
• RSA cryptosystem 1973 · achieved
  Algorithm for public-key cryptography. 1973 – RSA encryption algorithm discovered by Clifford Cocks
• Ethernet 1973 · achieved
  Metcalfe at Xerox PARC.
• SPICE circuit simulation 1973 · achieved
  Berkeley (Nagel, Pederson).
• Xerox Alto 1973 · achieved
  GUI, mouse and Ethernet at PARC.
• RFID 1973 · achieved
  Cardullo's patent; Walmart's supplier mandate in 2005 drove adoption.
• Discrete cosine transform 1972 · achieved
  Technique representing data as sums of cosine functions. 1972 – Nasir Ahmed proposes the discrete cosine transform (DCT), which he develops with T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1973;
• Word processor 1972 · achieved
  Device or computer program for input, editing, formatting, and output of text. First programmable word processor Automatic Electronic Systems
• Intel 8008 1972 · achieved
  Byte-oriented microprocessor. 8008 processor (200 kHz, 16 kB) Intel
• Video game console 1972 · achieved
  Dedicated electronic device designed primarily for playing video games, typically connected to a display. 1972: The first video game console, used primarily for playing video games on a TV, is the Magnavox Odyssey.
• Portable computer 1972 · achieved
  Self-contained computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another.
• HP-35 1972 · achieved
  Handheld scientific calculator. US Hewlett-Packard releases the HP-35, the first handheld scientific calculator. This makes the engineer's slide rule obsolete.
• Prolog 1972 · achieved
  Programming language that uses first order logic. Prolog programming language developed by Alain Colmerauer.
• Red–black tree 1972 · achieved
  Self-balancing binary search tree data structure. 1972 – Red–black trees and B-trees discovered
• Graham scan 1972 · achieved
  Algorithm for finding the convex hull of a set of points in the plane. 1972 – Graham scan developed by Ronald Graham
• Edmonds–Karp algorithm 1972 · achieved
  Algorithm. 1972 – Edmonds–Karp algorithm published by Jack Edmonds and Richard Karp, essentially identical to Dinic's algorithm from 1970
• C language 1972 · achieved
  Ritchie, Bell Labs.
• Video games 1972 · achieved
  Pong, 1972.
• Microcomputer 1971 · achieved
  Small, relatively inexpensive computer. First microcomputer -on-a-chip Intel
• Protein Data Bank 1971 · achieved
  International open access database of protein and nucleic acid structures. 1971 - Establishment of the Protein Data Bank (PDB). At PDB, Edgar Meyer develops the first general software tools for handling and visualizing protein structural data.
• Laser printing 1971 · achieved
  Electrostatic digital printing process. Laser printer Xerox
• Kenbak-1 1971 · achieved
  Very early personal computer. US Kenbak-1 ships.
• Datapoint 2200 1971 · achieved
  Computer terminal. US CTC ships the Datapoint 2200, a mass-produced programmable terminal. Its multi-chip CPU provided the basis for the Intel 8008.
• Floppy disk 1971 · achieved
  Removable disk storage medium. US The floppy disk is invented at IBM under the direction of Alan Shugart, for use as a microprogram load device for the System/370 and peripheral controllers.
• Curry–Howard correspondence 1971 · achieved
  The direct relationship between computer programs and mathematical proofs. Joachim Lambek Generalizes the Haskell–Curry–William–Howard correspondence to a three way isomorphism between types, propositions and objects of a cartesian closed category
• File Transfer Protocol 1971 · achieved
  Standardized protocol for transferring files over TCP/IP networks. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – A standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer network.
• EPROM (Frohman) 1971 · achieved
  Intel's floating-gate memory.
• Intel 4004 1971 · achieved
  The first commercial microprocessor (Busicom).
• Microprocessor 1971 · achieved
  Intel 4004, 1971.
• Unix and C 1971 · achieved
  Bell Labs, 1969–73.
• IBM System/370 1970 · achieved
  IBM mainframe computer architecture. The first System/370, the S/370-155, is shipped in January.
• Fiber-optic communication 1970 · achieved
  Method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Fiber-optic communication by Kao and Hockham
• Public-key cryptography 1970 · achieved
  Cryptosystem that uses both public and private keys. 1970s: Public-key cryptography is invented and developed by James H. Ellis, Clifford Cocks, Malcolm J. Williamson, Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, Ralph Merkle, Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, Leonard Adleman, et al.
• Lisp machine 1970 · achieved
  Historical computer. Lisp machine (CADR)
• Automatic differentiation 1970 · achieved
  Set of computer programming techniques to speedily compute derivatives. Seppo Linnainmaa publishes the reverse mode of automatic differentiation. This method became later known as backpropagation, and is heavily used to train artificial neural networks.
• Needleman–Wunsch algorithm 1970 · achieved
  Algorithm. 1970 – Needleman–Wunsch algorithm published by Saul B. Needleman and Christian D. Wunsch
• Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm 1970 · achieved
  Optimization method. 1970 – BFGS method of the quasi-Newton class
• Dinic's algorithm 1970 · achieved
  Algorithm for computing the maximal flow of a network. 1970 – Dinic's algorithm for computing maximum flow in a flow network by Yefim (Chaim) A. Dinitz
• Heterojunction 1970 · achieved
  Interface that occurs between two layers or regions of dissimilar crystalline semiconductors. Creation by Zhores Alferov of Semiconductor Heterostructures which play important role in modern electronics ( Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000).
• Relational database (Codd) 1970 · achieved
  Codd's paper; SQL followed (1974).
• Intel 1103 DRAM 1970 · achieved
  The first commercial DRAM chip; it displaced core memory.
• DRAM 1970 · achieved
  Intel 1103, 1970; Dennard invented the cell in 1967.
• Fiber optics 1970 · achieved
  Corning low-loss fiber, 1970.
• Data General Nova 1969 · achieved
  16-bit minicomputer series. US Data General shipped a total of 50,000 Novas at US$8,000 each. The Nova was one of the first 16-bit minicomputers.
• NPL network 1969 · achieved
  Historical network in England pioneering packet switching. US The NPL network was the first network to implement packet switching in early 1969.
• International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence 1969 · achieved
  Scientific conference on AI. Cindy Mason at NASA organizes the First International IJCAI Workshop on AI and the Environment.
• Strassen algorithm 1969 · achieved
  First subcubic matrix multiplication algorithm. 1969 – Strassen algorithm for matrix multiplication developed by Volker Strassen
• Proprietary software 1969 · achieved
  Computer software released under a license restricting use, study or redistribution. May 2020 OpenAI 175B 300B tokens 3640 Proprietary A fine-tuned variant of GPT-3, termed GPT-3.5, was made available to the public through ChatGPT in 2022.
• Charge-coupled device (CCD) 1969 · achieved
  Boyle and Smith at Bell Labs, 1969.
• ARPANET 1969 · achieved
  DARPA network, 1969.
• Berlekamp–Massey algorithm 1968 · achieved
  Algorithm. 1968 – Elwyn Berlekamp invents the Berlekamp–Massey algorithm; its application to decoding BCH and Reed–Solomon codes is pointed out by James L. Massey the following year
• Hewlett-Packard 9100A 1968 · achieved
  Programmable calculator. US Release of Hewlett-Packard 9100A, the programmable calculator (first scientific calculator ) from HP.
• Risch algorithm 1968 · achieved
  Algorithm used to compute integrals of functions, especially used in computer algebra systems. 1968 – Risch algorithm for indefinite integration developed by Robert Henry Risch
• A* search algorithm 1968 · achieved
  Algorithm used for pathfinding and graph traversal. 1968 – A* graph search algorithm described by Peter Hart, Nils Nilsson, and Bertram Raphael
• Touchscreen 1967 · achieved
  Input/output device usually layered on the top of an electronic visual display. 1967: E. A. Johnson of the Royal Radar Establishment developed the capacitive touch display or touchscreen
• Verlet integration 1967 · achieved
  Numerical method used to integrate Newton's equations of motion.
• Stochastic gradient descent 1967 · achieved
  Gradient descent method used for the minimization of an objective function. Shun'ichi Amari becomes the first to use stochastic gradient descent for deep learning in multilayer perceptrons.
• Viterbi algorithm 1967 · achieved
  Algorithm. 1967 – Viterbi algorithm proposed by Andrew Viterbi
• International Standard Book Number 1966 · achieved
  Unique numeric book identifier. Carlson, W. Bernard (2003). Innovation as a Social Process: Elihu Thomson and the Rise of General Electric. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521533126.
• APL 1966 · achieved
  Functional, symbolic programming language for operating on multidimensional arrays. US APL programming language released by Kenneth Iverson at IBM.
• Optical waveguide 1966 · achieved
  Structure that guides electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum. 1966 – Charles K. Kao realizes that silica-based optical waveguides offer a practical way to transmit light via total internal reflection.
• Chatbot 1966 · achieved
  Program or set of instructions that simulates conversation with humans. June 11 – Chatbot -technology and text-producing AI GPT-3 was released.
• Semantic network 1966 · achieved
  Directed graph structure with labeled edges serving to encode and represent knowledge, whether knowledge of definitions or assertions. Ross Quillian (PhD dissertation, Carnegie Inst. of Technology, now CMU) demonstrates semantic nets.
• Low-loss glass fiber proposal (Kao) 1966 · achieved
  Kao and Hockham: below 20 dB/km is possible (Nobel 2009).
• One-transistor DRAM cell (Dennard) 1966 · achieved
  IBM patent 1968.
• Multics 1965 · achieved
  Operating system. Multics (MIT, GE, Bell Labs for the GE-645 ) ( announced )
• Supercomputer 1965 · achieved
  Type of extremely powerful computer. US The first supercomputer, the Control Data CDC 6600, was developed.
• Fuzzy logic 1965 · achieved
  System for reasoning about vagueness. US Fuzzy logic designed by Lotfi Zadeh ( University of California, Berkeley ), it is used to process approximate data – such as 'about 100'.
• PDP-8 1965 · achieved
  First commercially successful minicomputer. US DEC PDP-8 Mini Computer was released. It was the first minicomputer, built by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). It cost US$18,500 (equivalent to about $189,000 in 2025).
• Email 1965 · achieved
  Electronic changing digital messages between a network. 1965 – First email sent (at MIT ). Exhibition space at Rupriikki Media Museum in Tampere, Finland
• LR parser 1965 · achieved
  Type of parser. 1965 – LR parsers invented by Donald Knuth
• CYK algorithm 1965 · achieved
  Parsing algorithm for context-free grammars. 1965 – Cocke–Younger–Kasami (CYK) algorithm independently developed by Tadao Kasami
• Levenshtein distance 1965 · achieved
  Computer science metric for string similarity. 1965 – Levenshtein distance developed by Vladimir Levenshtein
• Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm 1965 · achieved
  Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. 1805 – FFT-like algorithm known by Carl Friedrich Gauss
• Moore's law 1965 · achieved
  Gordon Moore's 1965 observation.
• Computer networking (packet switching) 1965 · achieved
  Baran and Davies, 1960s.
• Canon FL lens mount 1964~ · achieved
  Lens mount. Canon introduces the Canon FL lens mount with the Canon FX
• CDC 6600 1964 · achieved
  Computer. SIPROS 66 (Simultaneous Processing Operating System)
• 8-bit computing 1964 · achieved
  Computer architecture bit width. US Launch of IBM System/360 – the first series of compatible computers, reversing and stopping the evolution of separate "business" and "scientific" machine architectures;
• Multigrid method 1964 · achieved
  Method of solving system of linear algebrayes equations based on the use of a sequence of decreasing grids and operator. 1964 – multigrid methods first proposed by R. P. Fedorenko
• Heapsort 1964 · achieved
  Worst-case optimal in-place comparison sorting algorithm based on the heap data structure. 1964 – Heapsort developed by J. W. J. Williams
• Box–Muller transform 1964 · achieved
  Statistical transform. 1964 – Box–Muller transform for fast generation of normally distributed numbers published by George Edward Pelham Box and Mervin Edgar Muller. Independently pre-discovered by Raymond E. A. C. Paley and Norbert Wiener in 1934.
• IBM System/360 1964 · achieved
  A compatible architecture family.
• Packet switching (Baran, Davies) 1964 · achieved
  Baran (RAND, 1964); Davies (NPL, 1965).
• Kodak Instamatic 1963 · achieved
  Series of 126 and 110 film camera models. 1963 – Kodak introduces the Instamatic.
• Compact cassette 1963 · achieved
  Magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback. First commercially successful audio compact cassette Philips Corporation
• Videocassette recorder 1963 · achieved
  Electromechanical device. First home Videocassette recorder (VCR)
• Computer mouse 1963 · achieved
  Hand-held device used to move a pointer on a computer display. US Mouse conceived by Douglas Engelbart.
• Analogy 1963 · achieved
  Inference or argument from one particular to another particular. Thomas Evans' program, ANALOGY, written as part of his PhD work at MIT, demonstrated that computers can solve the same analogy problems as are given on IQ tests.
• Support vector machine 1963 · achieved
  Set of methods for supervised statistical learning. Work on Machine learning shifts from a knowledge-driven approach to a data-driven approach. Scientists begin creating programs for computers to analyze large amounts of data and draw conclusions – or "learn" – from the results.
• Sketchpad / CAD 1963 · achieved
  Sutherland's interactive drawing system.
• CMOS logic 1963 · achieved
  Wanlass, Fairchild, 1963.
• Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm 1962 · achieved
  Algorithm. 1962 – Donald Marquardt proposes the Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm.
• LINC 1962 · achieved
  Minicomputer. US Work begun on the LINC, the brainchild of the MIT physicist Wesley A. Clark in May 1961.
• Atlas 1962 · achieved
  Supercomputer of the 1960s. UK ATLAS is completed by the University of Manchester team. This machine introduced many modern architectural concepts: spooling, interrupts, pipelining, interleaved memory, virtual memory and paging.
• Semaphore 1962 · achieved
  Variable that is changed (e.g., incremented, decremented, toggled) depending on programmer-defined conditions, used to control access to a common resource by multiple processes in a concurrent system. NED Edsger Dijkstra invented an efficient algorithm for shortest paths in graphs as a demonstration of the abilities of the ARMAC computer. The example used was the Dutch railway system.
• Stable marriage problem 1962 · achieved
  Mathematical problem of finding a stable matching between two equally sized sets of elements given an ordering of preferences for each element. 1962 – Gale–Shapley 'stable-marriage' algorithm developed by David Gale and Lloyd Shapley
• Bresenham's line algorithm 1962 · achieved
  Algorithm for rasterizing a straight line. 1962 – Bresenham's line algorithm developed by Jack E. Bresenham
• AVL tree 1962 · achieved
  One kind of self-balancing binary search tree. 1962 – AVL trees
• Cyclic redundancy check 1961 · achieved
  Type of hash function used to detect errors in data storage or transmission. 1961 – CRC (Cyclic redundancy check) invented by W. Wesley Peterson
• Time-sharing (CTSS) 1961 · achieved
  MIT.
• Reversible computing (Landauer limit) 1961 · achieved
  Landauer's principle, 1961; Bennett 1973.
• Professional sports media-rights economy 1961 · achieved
  Sports Broadcasting Act, 1961; leagues earn billions in TV rights.
• VHF omnidirectional range 1960~ · achieved
  Aviation navigation system. Early 1960s: VOR systems finally became widespread; before that, aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation. (AM stations are still marked on U.S. aviation charts).
• Kalman filter 1960 · achieved
  Algorithm that estimates unknowns from a series of measurements over time. 1960 - Rudolf Kalman introduced the Kalman filter in his "A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems".
• RS-232 1960 · achieved
  Standard for serial communication. ? Introduction of the RS-232 (serial interface) standard by EIA ( Electronic Industries Association ), one of the oldest serial interfaces still (uncommonly) in use today.
• Sabre 1960 · achieved
  Global distribution system (GDS). US Sabre launched.
• HP 2100 1960 · achieved
  Mini computer series by HP. HP Real-Time Executive (HP RTE) – Hewlett-Packard
• Compiler-compiler 1960 · achieved
  Program that generates parsers or compilers from source files. UK The first compiler-compiler is released.
• ALGOL 1960 · achieved
  Family of imperative computer programming languages. US EUR ALGOL, first structured, procedural, programming language to be released.
• Finite element method 1960 · achieved
  Numerical method for solving physical or engineering problems. First recorded use of the term "finite element method" by Ray Clough, to describe the methods of Courant, Hrenikoff and Zienkiewicz, among others. See also here.
• Quicksort 1960 · achieved
  Divide and conquer sorting algorithm. 1960 – Tony Hoare invents the quicksort algorithm.
• Karatsuba algorithm 1960 · achieved
  Algorithm for integer multiplication. 1960 – Karatsuba multiplication
• Nikon F 1959~ · achieved
  Camera model by Nikon. Nikon F introduced.
• General Problem Solver 1959 · achieved
  Computer program created in 1959. The General Problem Solver (GPS) was created by Newell, Shaw and Simon while at CMU.
• Powerset construction 1959 · achieved
  Method for converting a nondeterministic finite automaton into a deterministic one. 1959 – Rabin–Scott powerset construction for converting NFA into DFA published by Michael O. Rabin and Dana Scott
• QR decomposition 1959 · achieved
  Matrix decomposition. 1959 – QR factorization algorithm developed independently by John G.F. Francis and Vera Kublanovskaya
• De Casteljau's algorithm 1959 · achieved
  Recursive method to evaluate polynomials in Bernstein form, used to work with Bézier curves. 1959 – De Casteljau's algorithm developed by Paul de Casteljau
• Shellsort 1959 · achieved
  In-place comparison sorting algorithm invented by D. Shell. 1959 – Shell sort developed by Donald L. Shell
• Dijkstra's algorithm 1959 · achieved
  Graph search algorithm. 1959 – Dijkstra's algorithm developed by Edsger Dijkstra
• Setun 1959 · achieved
  Soviet ternary computer. Setun, by Nikolay Brusentsov
• COBOL 1959 · achieved
  Business computing.
• Monolithic planar IC (Noyce) 1959 · achieved
  Fairchild: interconnects deposited on oxide.
• Planar process (silicon mass production) 1959 · achieved
  Hoerni at Fairchild: batch-fabricated, passivated transistors, the basis of all ICs.
• MOSFET 1959 · achieved
  Atalla and Kahng, Bell Labs, 1959. The most-manufactured device in history.
• Modem 1958 · achieved
  Device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information. Modem MIT and Bell Labs
• Lisp 1958 · achieved
  McCarthy.
• Photolithography 1958 · achieved
  Planar process, 1959.
• Perceptron 1958 · achieved
  Rosenblatt, 1958.
• Integrated circuit 1958 · achieved
  Kilby 1958, Noyce 1959.
• Image scanner 1957 · achieved
  Device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image. CCD flatbed scanner Kurzweil Computer Products
• Dot matrix printer 1957 · achieved
  Class of printers. US First dot matrix printer marketed by IBM.
• Fortran 1957 · achieved
  General-purpose programming language. US FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), the first high-level programming language development, was begun by John Backus and his team at IBM. The development continued until 1957. It is still in use for scientific programming.
• Mobile radio telephone 1957 · achieved
  Family of pre-cellular PSTN wireless communication technologies. 1957 – Leonid Kupriyanovich invents the LK-1 mobile radio telephone, the first to use code-division multiple access.
• Bellman–Ford algorithm 1957 · achieved
  Algorithm for finding single-source shortest paths in graphs, allowing some edge weights to be negative. 1957 – Bellman–Ford algorithm developed by Richard E. Bellman and L. R. Ford, Jr.
• Prim's algorithm 1957 · achieved
  Algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree for weighted undirected graphs. 1957 – Prim's algorithm developed by Robert Prim
• High-level programming languages 1957 · achieved
  FORTRAN 1957, COBOL 1959, LISP 1958.
• Logic Theorist 1956 · achieved
  Computer program. 1956: The Logic Theorist computer program, the first "artificial intelligence program", was written and invented by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Cliff Shaw.
• Transatlantic communications cable 1956 · achieved
  Communications cable across the Atlantic. Transatlantic telephone cable
• Hard disk 1956 · achieved
  Data storage device. 1956: The hard disk drive is invented by IBM.
• Bendix G-15 1956 · achieved
  1956 computer design. US The Bendix G-15 computer was introduced by the Bendix Corporation.
• Kruskal's algorithm 1956 · achieved
  Minimum spanning forest algorithm that greedily adds edges. 1956 – Kruskal's algorithm developed by Joseph Kruskal
• Artificial intelligence (field founded) 1956 · achieved
  Dartmouth workshop, 1956.
• TRADIC 1954 · achieved
  First transistorized computer in the USA. The second generation " TRADIC " ( Transistorized Digital Computer ), first to use only transistors therefore much smaller and more powerful than its predecessor tube computers.
• IBM 650 1954 · achieved
  Computer. US The IBM 650 is introduced. A relatively inexpensive decimal machine with drum storage, it becomes the first computer produced over 2000 units.
• Radix sort 1954 · achieved
  Non-comparative sorting algorithm. 1954 – Radix sort computer algorithm developed by Harold H. Seward
• Transistor radio (Regency TR-1) 1954 · achieved
  The first mass consumer transistor product; Sony TR-55 followed (1955).
• Silicon transistor (Texas Instruments) 1954 · achieved
  Gordon Teal, TI, 1954.
• UNIVAC 1103 1953 · achieved
  Univac computer introduced in 1953. MIT 's Tape Director operating system made for UNIVAC 1103
• Video tape recorder 1953 · achieved
  Tape recorder designed to record and playback video and audio material on magnetic tape. 1953: The first video tape recorder, a helical scan recorder, is invented by Norikazu Sawazaki.
• CinemaScope 1953 · achieved
  Early widescreen filming system. 20th Century Fox developed with " Cinemascope " the most successful wide-screen process to better compete with television. Only some 50 years later pulls the TV with the 16: 9 size screen after.
• Magnetic-core memory 1953 · achieved
  Predominant form of random-access computer memory for 20 years between about 1955 and 1975. US Magnetic-core memory developed.
• Transistor computer 1953 · achieved
  Type of a computer. UK The University of Manchester team complete the first transistorised computer.
• BARK 1953 · achieved
  Early Swedish relay computer. Sweden BARK was finished in Sweden. Next to come was BESK in 1953.
• Metropolis–Hastings algorithm 1953 · achieved
  Algorithm. Equations of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines introduces the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. Also, important earlier independent work by Alder and S. Frankel.
• Avalanche photodiode 1952 · achieved
  Highly sensitive semiconductor electronic device. Japanese engineer Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented the avalanche photodiode
• BESM 1952 · achieved
  Series of Soviet mainframe computers. USSR BESM-1 is completed. Only one BESM-1 machine was built. The machine used approximately 5,000 vacuum tubes.
• IBM 701 1952 · achieved
  Mainframe computer by IBM. US IBM introduces the IBM 701, the first computer in its 700 and 7000 series of large scale machines with varied scientific and commercial architectures, but common electronics and peripherals.
• Compiler (A-0, Hopper) 1952 · achieved
  Grace Hopper's A-0.
• Barcode 1952 · achieved
  Woodland and Silver's patent.
• MIT Lincoln Laboratory 1951 · achieved
  Research and development center. Kevin Lawton leaves MIT Lincoln Lab and starts the Bochs project.
• CONELRAD 1951 · achieved
  Former method of emergency broadcasting in the United States. 1951 – President Truman establishes the CONELRAD emergency broadcasting system to alert the United States to an enemy attack. The system is later succeeded by the Emergency Broadcast System in 1963 and the Emergency Alert System in 1997.
• IAS machine 1951 · achieved
  First electronic computer to be built at the Institute for Advanced Study. US IAS machine completed at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, US (by Von Neumann and others).
• A-0 System 1951 · achieved
  Programming language. US The A-0 high-level compiler is invented by Grace Murray Hopper.
• EDVAC 1951 · achieved
  Second computer after ENIAC. US EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer). The first computer to use magnetic tape. EDVAC could have new programs loaded from the tape.
• Huffman coding 1951 · achieved
  Entropy encoding algorithm used for lossless data compression. 1951 – David A. Huffman invents Huffman encoding, a method of finding optimal prefix codes for lossless data compression
• Rapatronic camera 1950~ · achieved
  Harold Edgerton develops the Rapatronic camera for the U.S. government.
• Agfacolor 1950~ · achieved
  Trademark for a series of color film products by German company Agfa. Agfacolor Neu (English: New Agfacolor) color reversal film for home movies and slides.
• Flashtube 1950~ · achieved
  Incoherent light source. Harold Edgerton invents the xenon flash lamp for strobe photography.
• 16 mm film 1950~ · achieved
  Film gauge. The 16 mm amateur motion picture format is introduced by Kodak. Their Ciné-Kodak camera uses reversal film and all 16 mm is on an acetate (safety) base.
• Cellular automaton 1950 · achieved
  Discrete model studied in computability theory, mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling. 1950 – Stanisław Ulam and John von Neumann present cellular automata dynamical systems.
• Turing test 1950 · achieved
  Test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. UK Turing Test – The British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing published a paper describing the potential development of human and computer intelligence and communication.
• SWAC 1950 · achieved
  Early computer model. US SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer) demonstrated at UCLA in Los Angeles; fastest computer in the world until IAS machine.
• Pilot ACE 1950 · achieved
  Computer. UK The Pilot ACE computer, with 800 vacuum tubes, and mercury delay lines for its main memory, became operational on 10 May 1950 at the National Physical Laboratory near London.
• SEAC 1950 · achieved
  First-generation electronic computer built in 1950. US SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) demonstrated at US NBS in Washington, DC – was the first fully functional stored-program computer in the U.S.
• Householder transformation 1950 · achieved
  Linear transformation that describes a reflection about a plane or hyperplane containing the origin. Householder invents his eponymous matrices and transformation method (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century).
• Ferranti Mark 1 1950 · achieved
  One of the world's first commercially available general-purpose digital computers. UK The oldest known recordings of computer generated music were played by the Ferranti Mark 1 computer. The Mark 1 is a commercial version of the Manchester Mark 1 machine from the University of Manchester.
• Ford–Fulkerson algorithm 1950 · achieved
  Algorithm. In network theory, Ford & Fulkerson compute a solution to the maximum flow problem.
• Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator 1949 · achieved
  1940s-1950s British computer. EDSAC Initial Orders David Wheeler ENIAC coding system
• Single-lens reflex camera 1949 · achieved
  Camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system. 1949 – The Contax S camera is introduced, the first 35 mm SLR camera with a pentaprism eye-level viewfinder.
• MONIAC Computer 1949 · achieved
  Fluidic analogue computer simulating the UK ecomomy. United Kingdom MONIAC (Monetary National Income Analogue Computer) also known as the Phillips Hydraulic Computer, was created in 1949 to model the national economic processes of the United Kingdom.
• Manchester Mark 1 1949 · achieved
  English stored-program computer, 1949. United Kingdom The Manchester Mark 1 final specification is completed;
• Hebbian rule 1949 · achieved
  Neuroscientific theory that an increase in synaptic efficacy arises from a presynaptic cell’s repeated and persistent stimulation of a postsynaptic cell. Donald O. Hebb develops Hebbian theory, a possible algorithm for learning in neural networks.
• Instant camera 1948 · achieved
  Type of camera. The American physicist and industrialist Edwin Herbert Land (1909–1991) launches the first instant camera, Polaroid camera Model 95 on the market.
• LP record 1948 · achieved
  Longplay record. Edison developed the first " LP ". By dense grooves (16 grooves on 1 mm) and the reduction of speed to 80 min −1 (later 78 min −1) increases the playing time up to 2 times 20 minutes.
• Curta 1948 · achieved
  Mechanical pocket calculator. The first Curta handheld mechanical calculator was sold. The Curta computed with 11 digits of decimal precision on input operands up to 8 decimal digits. The Curta was about the size of a handheld pepper grinder.
• Manchester Baby 1948 · achieved
  First electronic stored-program computer. A routine for the Manchester Baby written to factor a large number (2^18), one of the first in computational number theory. The Manchester group would make several other breakthroughs in this area.
• Connectionism 1948 · achieved
  Approach in cognitive science that hopes to explain mental phenomena using artificial neural networks. Alan Turing produces the "Intelligent Machinery" report, regarded as the first manifesto of Artificial Intelligence.
• Bipolar junction transistor (Shockley) 1948 · achieved
  Theory 1948; first grown-junction device 1951.
• Information theory 1948 · achieved
  Shannon, 1948.
• Point-contact transistor 1947 · achieved
  First type of solid-state electronic transistor ever constructed. 1947 – First germanium point-contact transistor invented
• Assembly language 1947 · achieved
  Any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the instructions in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions. United Kingdom Development of the first assembly language by Kathleen Booth at Birkbeck, University of London following work with John von Neumann and Herman Goldstine at the Institute for Advanced Study.
• Transistor 1947 · achieved
  Bell Labs, 1947.
• Trackball 1946 · achieved
  Pointing device. United Kingdom The trackball was invented as part of a radar plotting system named Comprehensive Display System (CDS) by Ralph Benjamin when working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service.
• Automatic Computing Engine 1946 · achieved
  British early electronic serial stored-program computer. United Kingdom ACE (Automatic Computing Engine): Alan Turing presented a detailed paper to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Executive Committee, giving the first reasonably complete design of a stored-program computer.
• Von Neumann architecture 1945 · achieved
  Computer architecture using a common memory bus and address space for instructions and data. A quantum computer employing Von Neumann architecture is described.
• Z4 1945 · achieved
  Computer. GER Konrad Zuse leased his Z4 machine to the ETH Zurich for five years. Z4 was a relay-based machine. The corresponding contract was signed in the fall of 1949, and the machine reassembled in Zurich after its arrival in July 1950.
• Merge sort 1945 · achieved
  Worst-case optimal stable divide and conquer comparison sorting algorithm. 1945 – Merge sort developed by John von Neumann
• Stored-program architecture 1945 · achieved
  EDVAC report, 1945.
• Electronic computer (ENIAC) 1945 · achieved
  First general-purpose electronic computer, 1945.
• SIGABA 1944 · achieved
  US encryption machine, used from World War II until the 1950s. 1944 – Patent application filed on SIGABA code machine used by U.S. in World War II. Kept secret, it finally issues in 2001
• Shift register 1944 · achieved
  Cascade of flip-flops sharing the same clock, in which the output of each flip-flop is connected to the input of the next flip-flop in the chain, resulting in a circuit that shifts by one position the bit array stored in it. United Kingdom The first Mark 2 Colossus was commissioned. It was a development of the Mark 1 machine and contained 2400 vacuum tubes.
• LORAN 1943 · achieved
  Long range navigation system. 1970s: LORAN became the premier radio navigation system. Soon, the U.S. Navy experimented with satellite navigation.
• Plankalkül 1943 · achieved
  Programming language designed 1942 to 1945. Plankalkül Konrad Zuse none (unique language)
• Colossus 1943 · achieved
  Early British cryptanalysis computer. December 1943 – The Colossus computer was built, by Thomas Flowers at The Post Office Research Laboratories in London, to crack the German Lorenz cipher (SZ42).
• Artificial neural network 1943 · achieved
  Computational model used in machine learning, based on connected, hierarchical functions. The simplest kind of artificial neural network is the linear network. It has been known for over two centuries as the method of least squares or linear regression.
• Codebreaking (Bombe, Colossus) 1943 · achieved
  Bletchley Park; Colossus 1943.
• Atanasoff–Berry Computer 1942 · achieved
  Early electronic digital computing device. United States Atanasoff and Berry completed a special-purpose calculator for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations, later called the 'ABC' (' Atanasoff–Berry Computer ').
• NTSC 1941 · achieved
  Analog television system. The " National Television System Committee " (Abbreviated as NTSC) normalized in the USA named after her black-and-white-compatible NTSC -Farbfernseh process. A year later, this method is introduced in the United States.
• TV advertising and mass entertainment 1941 · achieved
  First TV ad, 1941 (Bulova).
• Xerography 1940 · achieved
  Photocopying technique that uses dry electrostatics to reproduce images. Xerography Carlson
• Nimatron 1940 · achieved
  First computer game. Edward Condon displayed Nimatron, a digital machine that played Nim perfectly.
• Simplex algorithm 1940 · achieved
  Algorithm. Dantzig introduces the simplex algorithm (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century).
• Klystron 1939 · achieved
  Vacuum tube used for amplifying radio waves. Russell and Sigurd Varian developed the first Klystron tube in the US.
• Z1 1938 · achieved
  Motor driven mechanical computer built by Konrad Zuse in the 1930's. 1938: Z1, built by Konrad Zuse, is the first freely programmable computer in the world.
• Photocopier 1938 · achieved
  Device for reproducing documents. Xerography, which means "dry writing" in Greek, is a process of making copies. Xerography makes copies without using ink. In this process, static electricity charges a lighted plate;
• Switching circuit theory 1937 · achieved
  Shannon's master's thesis, 1937.
• Turing completeness 1936 · achieved
  Ability of a computing system to simulate Turing machines. 1837: Charles Babbage proposes a design for the construction of a Turing complete, general purpose Computer, to be called the Analytical Engine.
• Printed circuit board 1936 · achieved
  Board to support and connect electronic components. The Englishman Arthur Berry submits a patent on the manufacture of printed circuits by etched metal.
• Turing machine and computability 1936 · achieved
  Turing, 1936.
• Kodachrome 1935 · achieved
  Brand name for a non-substantive, color reversal film introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1935. In, the widely-used photographic film paper, Kodachrome was introduced. Kodak introduces the first 8 mm amateur motion picture film, cameras, and projectors.
• Langmuir–Blodgett film 1935 · achieved
  Thin film obtained by depositing multiple monolayers onto a surface. 1935 – Langmuir–Blodgett film coating of glass was developed by Katharine Burr Blodgett, creating "invisible glass" which is >99% transmissive
• Reel-to-reel audio tape 1935 · achieved
  Magnetic tape spooled on open reels used for audio recordings with a respective recorder. American Oberlin Smith describes a process to record audio using a cotton thread with integrated fine wire clippings. This makes reel-to-reel audio tape recording possible.
• Decision problem 1935 · achieved
  Yes/no problem in computer science. Alonzo Church extended Gödel's proof and showed that the decision problem of computer science does not have a general solution. He developed the Lambda calculus, which will eventually be fundamental to the theory of computer languages.
• Magnetic tape recording (Magnetophon) 1935 · achieved
  AEG/BASF.
• 135 film 1934 · achieved
  Photographic film format provided in a cartridge, also known as 35 mm film from the width of the film strip; most common analog (chemical) film used during the era of analog photography by both amateur und professional photographers. 1934 – The 135 film cartridge is introduced, making 35 mm easy to use for photography.
• High fidelity 1934 · achieved
  High-quality reproduction of sound. 1934: First commercial stereo recordings find little favor – the necessary playback devices are still too expensive. The term " High Fidelity " is embossed around this time.
• Delaunay triangulation 1934 · achieved
  Triangulation method named after Boris Delaunay. 1934 – Delaunay triangulation developed by Boris Delaunay
• Exakta 1933 · achieved
  German camera brand. Introduction by IHAGEE of the Ihagee Kine Exakta 1, the first 35 mm SLR ( Single Lens Reflex ) camera.
• FM broadcasting 1933 · achieved
  Radio broadcasting using frequency modulation. In Germany, FM broadcasting starts regular program operation.
• Iconoscope 1933 · achieved
  First practical video camera tube to be used in early television cameras. Russian-American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin developed the iconoscope.
• AM broadcasting 1933 · achieved
  Radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. In telecommunications, frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency.
• Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda 1933 · achieved
  Nazi Germany centralized control of press, radio, film and the arts under one ministry, pairing censorship with saturation messaging and cheap mass-produced radio receivers.
• Rocket mail 1931 · achieved
  Mail delivery by rockets or missiles. 1931 - Friedrich Schmiedl attempts the first rocket mail service in Austria
• Schmidt camera 1930 · achieved
  Scientific instrument. 1930 — Bernhard Schmidt invents the Schmidt camera.
• Single-sideband modulation 1930~ · achieved
  Refinement of amplitude modulation. Early 1930s: Single sideband (SSB) and frequency modulation (FM) were invented by amateur radio operators. By 1940, they were established commercial modes.
• Tape recorder 1928 · achieved
  Analog or digital electronic device for recording sound on magnetic tape. 1928: Fritz Pfleumer got the first tape recorder patent. It replaces steel wire with paper coated in iron powder. According to Valdemar Poulsen (1898) to the second crucial pioneer of magnetic sound, image and data storage
• Color television 1928 · achieved
  Television transmission technology. Otto von Bronk patented his "Method and apparatus for remote visualization of images and objects with a temporary resolution of the images in parallel rows of dots".
• Television network 1928 · achieved
  Telecommunications network for distribution of television program content. First experimental Television broadcast in the U.S.
• Video camera tube 1927 · achieved
  Device that captures television images. German Physicist Max Dieckmann invented video camera tube.
• Television 1927 · achieved
  Farnsworth electronic TV, 1927.
• Mechanical television 1926 · achieved
  A television system that relies on a mechanical scanning device, to both scan and reproduce the video signal. 1926: John Logie Baird demonstrates the world's first live working television system.
• Yagi-Uda antenna 1926 · achieved
  Type of radio antenna. Yagi–Uda antenna was developed by the Japanese engineers Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda.
• Borůvka's algorithm 1926 · achieved
  Algorithm for finding minimum spanning trees by repeatedly finding the shortest edge out of each subtree in a forest and adding all such edges to the forest. 1926 – Borůvka's algorithm
• Field-effect transistor 1925 · achieved
  Transistor that uses an electric field to control its electrical behaviour. Austrian American engineer Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented the first FET (which became popular much later).
• Electrical recording 1925 · achieved
  Microphone and amplifier recording.
• Shadow mask 1924 · achieved
  Technology used to manufacture cathode ray tube televisions that produce color images. Werner Flechsig invents the shadow mask method for separate control of the three primary colors in a color picture tube.
• Interlaced video 1924 · achieved
  Video displaying technique. The interlaced video method is introduced on TVr to reduce image flicker. The transmitter Witzleben uses the new standard with 441 lines and 25 image changes, i.e. 50 fields of 220 half-lines.
• Live TV broadcast of the 1936 Berlin Olympics 1924 · achieved
  Games of the XI Olympiad, in Berlin, Germany. Olympic Games in Berlin broadcast live.
• Dubbing 1924 · achieved
  Post-production process used in filmmaking and video production. The German physicist Curt Stille (1873–1957) records magnetic sound for film, on a perforated steel band. First, this "Magnettonverfahren" has no success. Years later it is rediscovered for amateur films, providing easy dubbing.
• Sound film 1924 · achieved
  A motion picture with synchronized sound. First commercial sound films (" The Jazz Singer ", USA) using the "Needle sound" back in sync with the film screening for LPs over loudspeakers.
• Shortwave radio 1924 · achieved
  Radio broadcasting using radiowaves with wavelengths between 10 to 100 meters, and frequencies between 3 to 30 megahertz. The first shortwave radio – Rundfunkübertragung overseas broadcast by the station PCJJ the Philips factories in Eindhoven in the Dutch colonies.
• Vehicle audio 1924 · achieved
  Entertainment electronics in cars. The first industrially manufactured car radio, the "Philco Transitone" from the "Storage Battery Co." in Philadelphia, USA, comes on the market.
• Television set 1924 · achieved
  Device that combines a tuner, display, and speakers for the purpose of viewing television. John Logie Baird developed the first commercial television set in the world. It was not until 1930, he is called a " telescreen sold "at a price of 20 pounds.
• Cordless telephone 1924 · achieved
  Portable telephone that connects to a landline. The German State Railroad offers a cordless telephone service in moving trains between Berlin and Hamburg – the idea of mobile telephony is born.
• Logic gate 1924 · achieved
  Computational equipment, physical or theoretical, that performs a boolean logic function. Germany Walther Bothe built an AND logic gate - the coincidence circuit, for use in physics experiments, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics 1954. Digital circuitries of all kinds make heavy use of this technique.
• Graphing calculator 1921 · achieved
  Handheld calculator capable of plotting graphs. Edith Clarke invents the "Clarke calculator", a graphical calculator for solving line equations involving hyperbolic function, allowing electrical engineers to simplify calculations for inductance and capacity in power transmission lines
• Spark-gap transmitter 1920 · achieved
  Device. 1920: Spark-gap telegraphy stopped.
• Superheterodyne receiver 1919 · achieved
  Common type of radio receiver that shifts the received signal to an easily-processed intermediate frequency. Edwin Howard Armstrong developed the standard AM radio receiver.
• One-time pad 1917 · achieved
  Encryption technique utilizing a one-time pre-shared key at least as long as the encrypted message. 1988 – African National Congress uses computer-based one-time pads to build a network inside South Africa.
• Teleprinter 1917 · achieved
  Device for transmitting messages in written form by electrical signals. 1917 – Gilbert Vernam develops first practical implementation of a teletype cipher, now known as a stream cipher and, later, with Joseph Mauborgne the one-time pad
• Committee on Public Information (Creel Committee) 1917 · achieved
  The US government's first wartime propaganda agency mobilized posters, films, press releases and tens of thousands of volunteer Four Minute Men speakers to build support for entering World War I.
• Brunswick Records 1916 · achieved
  US record label. Brunswick Records in Dubuque, Iowa produced their first record player, the Brunswick Panatrope with a pickup, amplifier and loudspeaker
• Japanese typewriter 1915 · achieved
  Typewriter used to produce Japanese script. Japanese typewriter
• Transcontinental telephone network 1915 · achieved
  New York–San Francisco call, 1915; the Bell System's universal service.
• Panchromatic film 1913 · achieved
  Black-and-white photographic film sensitive to the whole visible light spectrum. 1913 – Kodak makes 35 mm panchromatic motion picture film available on a bulk special order basis.
• El Ajedrecista 1912 · achieved
  First true automaton able to play chess. Leonardo Torres Quevedo built an automaton for chess endgames, El Ajedrecista. He was called "the 20th century's first AI pioneer".
• Film studio 1911 · achieved
  Major entertainment company or motion picture company that has its own privately owned studio facility or facilities that are used to make films, which is handled by the production company. 1911: First film studios are created in Hollywood and Potsdam- Babelsberg.
• Kinemacolor 1908 · achieved
  Color motion picture process. 1908 – Kinemacolor, a two-color process known as the first commercial "natural color" system for movies, is introduced.
• Autochrome Lumière 1907 · achieved
  Early color photography process. 1907 – The Autochrome plate is introduced. It becomes the first commercially successful color photography product.
• Crystal radio 1906 · achieved
  Simple radio receiver circuit used mostly for AM reception. American Brigadier General Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody files for a patent for a carborundum steel detector for use in a crystal radio, an improved version of the Cat's-whisker detector.
• Audion 1906 · achieved
  Electronic detecting or amplifying vacuum tube. United States Audion ( vacuum tube or thermionic valve ) invented by Lee De Forest.
• Phased array 1905 · achieved
  Array of antennas creating a steerable beam. 1905: Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the phased array antenna, which leads to the development of radar, smart antennas and MIMO.
• Fleming valve 1904 · achieved
  A vacuum tube used as a detector for early radio receivers. 1904: The Fleming valve, the first vacuum tube and diode, is invented by John Ambrose Fleming.
• Arc converter 1902 · achieved
  Variety of spark transmitter. July 1912: Charles David Herrold, using a Poulsen arc transmitter, makes intermittent weekly radio broadcasts of phonograph records to the San Jose area.
• 120 film 1901 · achieved
  Medium format roll film. 1901 – Kodak introduces the 120 film format.
• Radio control 1901 · achieved
  Use of radio signals to remotely control a device, vehicle or unmanned vehicle. 1901: The Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo began the development of a radio control system, which he called Telekino, to test dirigible balloons of his creation without risking human lives.
• Brownie 1900 · achieved
  Series of photo cameras. 1900 – Kodak introduces their first Brownie, a very inexpensive user-reloadable point-and-shoot box camera.
• Folding camera 1898 · achieved
  Type of camera. 1898 – Kodak introduces the Folding Pocket Kodak.
• Cathode ray tube 1897 · achieved
  Vacuum tube that can show moving pictures, vector graphics, or lines. Max Dieckmann and Gustav Glage use the Braun tube for playback of 20-line black-and-white images.
• Horn antenna 1897 · achieved
  Type of antenna shaped like a horn and also called "horn". Horn antenna or microwave horn, One of the first horn antennas was constructed by Jagadish Chandra Bose in 1897.
• Radio broadcasting 1895 · achieved
  Distribution of audio content to a dispersed audience via any audio mass communications medium. Alexander Meissner patented his process "feedback for generating oscillations", by his development of a radio station using an electron tube.
• Wireless telegraphy 1895 · achieved
  Method of communication. The Italian Guglielmo Marconi transmits wireless telegraph messages by electromagnetic waves over a distance of five kilometers.
• Radio receiver 1895 · achieved
  Radio device for receiving radio waves and converting them to a useful signal. Russian physicist Alexander Popov finds a use for radio waves, building a radio receiver that can detect lightning strikes
• Extremely high frequency 1895 · achieved
  The 30–300 GHz range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Indian physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose conducts experiments in extremely high frequency millimetre waves using a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves
• Cinematograph (Lumière) 1895 · achieved
  Projected film.
• Radio 1895 · achieved
  Marconi 1895, building on Hertz.
• Radio wave 1894 · achieved
  Type of electromagnetic radiation. Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi begins developing the first radio wave based wireless telegraphy communication system
• Coherer 1890 · achieved
  Early radio wave detector. 1890: French physicist and inventor Edouard Branly does a thorough investigation of metal filings in an evacuated tube and how they are sensitive to electric sparks at a distance, an effect later to be called the coherer by Lodge.
• Punched-card tabulator 1890 · achieved
  Hollerith, 1890 US Census.
• Kinetoscope 1889~ · achieved
  Motion picture exhibition device. William Kennedy Laurie Dickson develops the " kinetoscopic " motion picture camera while working for Thomas Edison.
• Jukebox 1889 · achieved
  Device to play music singles with. The first jukebox with records comes on the market.
• Ballpoint pen 1888 · achieved
  Writing implement. 1888 – John J. Loud invents the ballpoint pen.
• Phonograph record 1887 · achieved
  Analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. German American inventor Emile Berliner invented the gramophone record.
• Beale ciphers 1885 · achieved
  A set of three ciphertexts. 1885 – Beale ciphers published
• Nipkow disk 1884 · achieved
  Image scanning device. 1884: Paul Nipkow obtains a patent for his Nipkow disk, an image-scanning device that reads images serially, which constitutes the foundation for mechanical television. Two years later, his patent ran out.
• Loop antenna 1883 · achieved
  Type of radio antenna. 1883: Irish physicist George Francis FitzGerald publishes a formula for the power radiated by a small loop antenna, showing it as proportional to the fourth power of the frequency.
• Kerckhoffs’s principle 1883 · achieved
  Cryptographic principle. 1883 – Auguste Kerckhoffs ' La Cryptographie militare published, containing his celebrated laws of cryptography
• Stereo sound 1881 · achieved
  Method of sound reproduction using two audio channels. By merging the Edison patents and the Berliner, the Blumlein stereo recording method becomes commercially viable. The company Mercury Records launches the first stereo record on the market.
• Mass advertising 1880 · achieved
  Brand advertising in newspapers and later broadcast.
• Magnetic storage 1878 · achieved
  Storage of data on a magnetized medium. The Danish physicist Valdemar Poulsen creates the world's first magnetic recording and reproduction, using a 1 mm thick steel wire as a magnetizable carrier.
• Loudspeaker 1877 · achieved
  Electroacoustic transducer that converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. German industrialist Werner von Siemens developed a primitive loudspeaker.
• Phonograph 1877 · achieved
  Edison, 1877.
• Telephone 1876 · achieved
  Bell, 1876.
• Diode 1874 · achieved
  Abstract electronic component with two terminals that allows current to flow in one direction. 1874 – German scientist Karl Ferdinand Braun discovers the "unilateral conduction" of crystals. Braun patents the first solid state diode, a crystal rectifier, in 1899.
• Photographic emulsion 1873 · achieved
  Light-sensitive colloid. 1873 – Hermann Wilhelm Vogel discovers dye sensitization, allowing the blue-sensitive but otherwise color-blind photographic emulsions then in use to be made sensitive to green, yellow and red light.
• Photographic film 1871 · achieved
  Photosensitive film material used to record photographic or cinematographic images. 1871 – The gelatin emulsion is invented by Richard Maddox.
• Transatlantic telegraph cable 1866 · achieved
  Undersea cable. The Transatlantic telegraph cable
• First Transcontinental Telegraph 1861 · achieved
  American telecommunication circuit. 1861 – the first transcontinental telegraph system spans North America by connecting an existing network in the eastern United States to a small network in California by a link between Omaha and Carson City via Salt Lake City.
• Phonautograph 1857 · achieved
  Earliest known device for recording sound, transcribing sound waves onto paper or glass. 1857: The phonautograph, the earliest known device for recording sound, is patented and invented by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.
• Color photography 1855 · achieved
  Method that uses media capable of representing colors. 1855: James Clerk Maxwell invents the first practical method for color photography, whether chemical or electronic.
• Playfair cipher 1854 · achieved
  Early block substitution cipher. 1854 – Charles Wheatstone invents the Playfair cipher
• Wet collodion process 1851 · achieved
  Photographic process that uses a collodion binder which must be coated on the support, exposed, and developed before the collodion has become dry. 1851 – Introduction of the collodion process by Frederick Scott Archer, used for making glass negatives, ambrotypes and tintypes.
• Carte de visite 1850~ · achieved
  Small-format photographs affixed to card stock, popular in the mid-19th century. André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri credited with introduction of the carte de visite (English: visiting card or calling card ) format for portraiture.
• Photogram 1850~ · achieved
  Photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material. Sarah Anne Bright creates a series of photograms, six of which are known to still exist. These are the earliest surviving photographic images created by a woman.
• Telephotography 1848 · achieved
  Transmission of photographic images over telecommunications lines. 1848: Frederick Collier Bakewell invents the first wirephoto machine, an early fax machine
• Electric telegraph 1844 · achieved
  Morse, 1844; transatlantic cable 1858/1866.
• Photo-book 1843 · achieved
  Book in which photographs make a significant contribution to the overall content. 1843 – Anna Atkins publishes the first photo book, British Algae.
• Remote control 1843 · achieved
  Physical device used to control another device remotely (often wirelessly). Nikola Tesla publicly demonstrated the first wireless remote control of a model ship.
• Noise 1843 · achieved
  Variety of sound, usually meaning any unwanted sound. Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922) significantly reduces interfering noises by using a wax cylinder instead of tin foil. This paved the way for commercial success for the improved phonograph.
• Image scanning for fax (Bain) 1843 · achieved
  Perception of light level. 1843: Watchmaker Alexander Bain develops the basic concept of displaying images as points with different brightness values.
• Fax 1843~ · achieved
  Method of transmitting images, often of documents. First digital fax machine Dacom
• Calotype 1841 · achieved
  William Henry Fox Talbot's process to make negatives on paper. 1841 – Talbot introduces his patented calotype (or "talbotype") paper negative process, an improved version of his earlier process that greatly reduces the required exposure time.
• Photography 1839 · achieved
  Daguerreotype, 1839.
• Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph 1836 · achieved
  Early electrical telegraph system dating from the 1830s. 1836 – William Fothergill Cooke invents a mechanical telegraph. 1837 with Charles Wheatstone invents the Cooke and Wheatstone needle telegraph.
• Morse code 1835 · achieved
  Communication code with signals representing letters, punctuation marks and numbers. 1835 – Samuel Morse develops the Morse code
• Zoetrope 1834~ · achieved
  Pre-cinema animation device. Eadweard Muybridge uses a row of cameras with trip-wires to make a high-speed photographic analysis of a galloping horse.
• Analytical engine 1833 · achieved
  Proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, designed by Charles Babbage. United Kingdom Babbage produced a prototype section of the Analytical Engine 's mill and printer.
• Lithographic limestone 1824 · achieved
  Type of limestone with hard fine grain. 1824 – Niépce makes the first durable, light-fast camera photograph, similar to his surviving 1826–1827 photograph on pewter but created on the surface of a lithographic stone. It is destroyed in the course of subsequent experiments.
• Mechanical computer 1822 · achieved
  Computer only built from mechanical components such as levers and gears. 1822: Charles Babbage, considered the " father of the computer ", begins building the first programmable mechanical computer.
• Heliography 1822 · achieved
  First permanent photographic process. 1822: Nicéphore Niépce invents Heliography, the first photographic process.
• Difference engine 1822 · achieved
  Automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. J. H. Müller, an engineer in the Hessian army, first conceived of the idea of a difference engine (first written reference to the basic principles of a difference machine is dated to 1784).
• Arithmometer 1820 · achieved
  Digital mechanical calculator. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar invented the ' Arithmometer ' which after thirty more years of development became, in 1851, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator.
• Negative 1816 · achieved
  Photograph in which the tones or colors are reversed from their appearance in nature, usually on a transparent support of celluloid, acetate, or on paper, intended for the purpose of producing positive prints. 1816 – Nicéphore Niépce succeeds in making negative photographs of camera images on paper coated with silver chloride, but cannot adequately "fix" them to stop them from darkening all over when exposed to light for viewing.
• Ronalds' electrical telegraph 1816 · achieved
  Early system for transmitting text over wires. English inventor Francis Ronalds built the first working electric telegraph.
• Paper machine 1799 · achieved
  Machine used to manufacture paper products. 1799: The first paper machine is invented by Louis-Nicolas Robert
• Jefferson disk 1795 · achieved
  Cipher system invented by Thomas Jefferson. 1795 – Thomas Jefferson invents the Jefferson disk cipher, reinvented over 100 years later by Etienne Bazeries
• Pencil 1795 · achieved
  Writing implement. 1795 – Nicolas-Jacques Conté invents the pencil.
• Semaphore line 1792 · achieved
  System of visual communication. 1792 – Claude Chappe invents the semaphore telegraph.
• Bayesian inference 1763 · achieved
  Method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to update the probability for a hypothesis as more evidence or information becomes available. Bayesian methods are introduced for probabilistic inference in machine learning.
• Stencil 1717~ · achieved
  Graphic design technique. c. 1717 – Johann Heinrich Schulze makes fleeting sun prints of words by using stencils, sunlight, and a bottled mixture of chalk and silver nitrate in nitric acid, simply as an interesting way to demonstrate that the substance inside t…
• Binary arithmetic 1703 · achieved
  Leibniz's binary notation, 1703.
• Pinwheel calculator 1685 · achieved
  Type of mechanical calculator. In an article titled "Machina arithmetica in qua non additio tantum et subtractio sed et multiplicatio nullo, diviso vero paene nullo animi labore peragantur", Gottfried Leibniz described a machine that used wheels with movable teeth wh…
• Stepped Reckoner 1672 · achieved
  Digital mechanical calculator. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved the earlier machines, making the Stepped Reckoner to do multiplication and division.
• Newton's method 1671 · achieved
  Algorithm for finding a zero of a function. 1671 – Newton–Raphson method developed by Isaac Newton
• Pascal's calculator 1642 · achieved
  Mechanical calculator. French polymath Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator.
• Mechanical calculator 1642 · achieved
  Pascal's Pascaline, 1642.
• Slide rule 1622~ · achieved
  Mechanical analog computer. William Oughtred developed slide rules based on logarithms as developed by John Napier and Gunter's line as developed by Edmund Gunter.
• Newspaper 1605 · achieved
  Scheduled publication containing news of events, articles, features, editorials, and advertising; online, in print, or (usually) both. 1st century BC: News bulletin during the reign of Julius Caesar. A paper form, i.e. the earliest newspaper, later appeared during the late Han dynasty in the form of the Dibao.
• Sector 1567 · achieved
  Mechanical calculator. Fabrizio Mordente publishes a treatise on a proportional compass he invented.
• Vigenère cipher 1553 · achieved
  Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system. 1553 – Bellaso invents Vigenère cipher
• Hangul alphabet 1443 · achieved
  Designed under King Sejong, 1443.
• Printing press 1440 · achieved
  Gutenberg's movable-type press, ~1440. 20M volumes by 1500.
• Quipu 1400 · achieved
  Inca knotted-cord records.
• Movable metal type (Jikji) 1377 · achieved
  Jikji is the oldest extant book printed with metal type, 1377.
• Timbuktu manuscripts and Sankore 1325 · achieved
  Centers of scholarship in the Mali Empire, 14th–16th century.
• Timbuktu manuscripts 1300 · achieved
  Hundreds of thousands of manuscripts on astronomy, law and medicine.
• Suanpan abacus 1200 · achieved
  Chinese abacus, widespread by the Ming.
• Movable type (Bi Sheng) 1040 · achieved
  Ceramic movable type, ~1040.
• Fountain pen 953~ · achieved
  Writing implement. Fountain pen: An early historical mention of what appears to be a reservoir pen dates back to the 10th century. According to Ali Abuzar Mari (d.
• Greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions 850~ · achieved
  Simple method for finding Egyptian fractions. 9th century: Mahāvīra discovers the first algorithm for writing fractions as Egyptian fractions, which is in fact a slightly more general form of the Greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions.
• Frequency analysis 850~ · achieved
  Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. 9th century - Al-Kindi was the first to use frequency analysis to decipher encrypted messages and developed the first code breaking algorithm.
• Bookcase 850~ · achieved
  Cabinet with shelving used to store books. Revolving bookcase: Revolving bookcases, known as zhuanluntang, have been documented in ancient China, and its invention is credited to Fu Xi in 544.
• Woodblock printing 700 · achieved
  Tang dynasty China. Diamond Sutra, 868.
• Chaturanga (chess) 600 · achieved
  The ancestor of chess, India, ~6th century.
• Paper 105 · achieved
  Cai Lun standardizes papermaking, 105 AD.
• Antikythera mechanism 100 BCE · achieved
  Geared analog astronomical computer, ~100 BC.
• Sieve of Eratosthenes 250 BCE~ · achieved
  Ancient algorithm for generating prime numbers. 3rd century BC: Eratosthenes discovers the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
• Analog computer 250 BCE~ · achieved
  Machine for calculating dynamic behavior by analog electronics or mechanic analogies. 3rd century BC: Analog computers in the Hellenistic world (see e.g. the Antikythera mechanism ), possibly in Rhodes.
• Inkstone 250 BCE~ · achieved
  Stone mortar for the grinding and containment of ink. Inkstone: The inkstone is a stone mortar used in Chinese calligraphy for grinding and mixing ink. Other than stone, inkstones are also manufactured from clay, bronze, iron, and porcelain.
• Library of Alexandria 285 BCE · achieved
  The ancient world's knowledge hub, burned in stages.
• Euclidean algorithm 300 BCE · achieved
  Algorithm for computing greatest common divisors. 300 BC: Euclid discovers the Euclidean algorithm.
• Maya script 300 BCE · achieved
  Full writing system, 3rd century BC.
• Reed pen 350 BCE~ · achieved
  Type of writing implement. 4th century BC: Reed pens, utilising a split nib, were used to write with ink on Papyrus in Egypt.
• Camera obscura 400 BCE · achieved
  Optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen. By 400 BC: Camera obscura described by Mo-tzu (or Mozi ) in China.
• Pāṇini's grammar 400 BCE · achieved
  Formal generative grammar of Sanskrit, ~4th century BC.
• Royal Road and Chapar postal system 500 BCE · achieved
  Achaemenid relay messenger system on the Royal Road.
• Library catalog 650 BCE~ · achieved
  Register of all bibliographic items found in a library or group of libraries. 7th century BC: The royal Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh had 30,000 clay tablets, in several languages, organized according to shape and separated by content. The first recorded example of a library catalog.
• Alphabet 1,050 BCE~ · achieved
  Proto-Sinaitic ~1800 BC, then the Phoenician alphabet ~1050 BC.
• Oracle bone script 1,250 BCE~ · achieved
  The earliest Chinese writing, Shang dynasty.
• Dictionary 2,300 BCE~ · achieved
  Collection of words and their meanings. 2300 BC: Dictionary in Mesopotamia.
• Receipt 3,000 BCE~ · achieved
  Written acknowledgment that a person has received money or property in payment. 3000 BC: Receipt in Ancient Mesopotamia ( Iraq )
• Egyptian hieratic 3,000 BCE~ · achieved
  Cursive writing system used in the provenance of the pharaohs in Egypt and Nubia. Hieratic — Hieratic developed as a cursive form of hieroglyphic script in the Naqada III period, roughly 3200–3000 BCE.
• Papyrus 3,000 BCE~ · achieved
  Egyptian writing material made from the papyrus plant.
• Writing 3,200 BCE~ · achieved
  Cuneiform at Uruk, ~3200 BC; Egyptian hieroglyphs about the same time.
• Egyptian hieroglyphs 3,250 BCE~ · achieved
  Formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians. Egyptian hieroglyphs — Hieroglyphic symbol systems developed in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called " Scorpion I " ( Naqada IIIA period, c.
• Proto-writing 6,000 BCE~ · achieved
  Symbol system that cannot be classified as writing proper, but have many characteristics similar to writing. 6000 BC – 3200 BC: Proto-writing in present-day Egypt, Iraq, Romania, China, India and Pakistan.
• Blombos Cave ochre engraving 73,000 BCE~ · achieved
  Engraved ochre and shell beads from c. 75,000–73,000 years ago.
• Symbolic art and pigments 75,000 BCE~ · achieved
  Engraved ochre at Blombos Cave ~75 kya; cave painting by ~45 kya.
• Language 100,000 BCE~ · achieved
  Open-ended symbolic speech (date heavily debated, roughly 100–200 kya).
• Origin of language 1,748,000 BCE~ · achieved
  First formation of language. 1.75 Mya – 150 kya: Varying estimates for the origin of language